Grammar parses for passage 4.35.10
Open translation for this passage
ὕδωρ δὲ ἀπὸ πηγῶν ἀνερχόμενον μέλαν ἰδὼν οἶδα ἐν Ἀστύροις·
The participles ἀνερχόμενον and μέλαν agree with ὕδωρ; ἰδών is a circumstantial aorist participle with οἶδα, whose first-person perfect form has present meaning. Ἀστύροις is a locative dative after ἐν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N--NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 οἶδα | obj | high | Subject/object ambiguity resolved as the thing seen/known in the participial construction; neuter nominative/accusative form. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 οἶδα | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | P---G-- | _ | 4 πηγῶν | case | high | Preposition governing the genitive. |
| 4 | πηγῶν | πηγή | NOUN | N--GPF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 5 ἀνερχόμενον | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἀπό. |
| 5 | ἀνερχόμενον | ἀνέρχομαι | VERB | V--PPAN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 1 ὕδωρ | acl | high | Present middle participle agreeing with ὕδωρ. |
| 6 | μέλαν | μέλας | ADJ | A--NSA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 ὕδωρ | amod | high | Adjective agreeing with ὕδωρ. |
| 7 | ἰδὼν | ὁράω | VERB | V--AAPNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 οἶδα | advcl | high | Circumstantial aorist active participle; implicit masculine subject, likely the speaker. |
| 8 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V-RPA-1S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect in form, present in meaning: “I know.” |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P---D-- | _ | 10 Ἀστύροις | case | high | Preposition governing the dative. |
| 10 | Ἀστύροις | Ἄστυρα | PROPN | N--DPN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 οἶδα | obl | high | Place name in the dative plural after ἐν. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 οἶδα | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τὰ δὲ Ἄστυρα ἀπαντικρὺ Λέσβου λουτρά ἐστι θερμὰ ἐν τῷ Ἀταρνεῖ καλουμένῳ.
Copular sentence: τὰ Ἄστυρα is the subject, λουτρά the predicate nominative; ἀπαντικρὺ Λέσβου is a locative phrase, and καλουμένῳ agrees with Ἀταρνεῖ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-................................ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 Ἄστυρα | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Pos | 7 ἐστι | cc | high | |
| 3 | Ἄστυρα | Ἄστυρα | PROPN | NP----NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐστι | nsubj | high | Place-name, neuter plural. |
| 4 | ἀπαντικρὺ | ἀπαντικρύ | ADV | D-------- | _ | 7 ἐστι | advmod | medium | Adverbial locative expression, ‘opposite’; exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 5 | Λέσβου | Λέσβος | PROPN | proper | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἀπαντικρὺ | nmod | high | |
| 6 | λουτρά | λουτρόν | NOUN | N-----NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἐστι | appos | high | Predicate nominative under εἰμί. |
| 7 | ἐστι | εἰμί | VERB | V3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | θερμὰ | θερμός | ADJ | A-----NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 λουτρά | amod | high | |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 Ἀταρνεῖ | case | high | |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-SDNN--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 Ἀταρνεῖ | det | high | |
| 11 | Ἀταρνεῖ | Ἄταρνος | PROPN | NP-SDNN-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστι | obl | high | Dative governed by ἐν; place-name. |
| 12 | καλουμένῳ | καλέω | VERB | VPP-SDNN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 11 Ἀταρνεῖ | acl | high | Articular participle agreeing with Ἀταρνεῖ. |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐστι | punct | high |
τὸ δὲ χωρίον ἐστὶν ὁ Ἀταρνεὺς ὁ Χίων μισθός, ὃν παρὰ τοῦ Μήδου λαμβάνουσιν ἄνδρα ἐκδόντες ἱκέτην, Πακτύην τὸν Λυδόν.
Copular clause: χωρίον is the subject and μισθός the predicate nominative; ὃν resumes μισθός as the object of λαμβάνουσιν. The participial phrase ἄνδρα ... ἐκδόντες gives the means/circumstance, with Πακτύην in apposition to ἄνδρα and ἱκέτην as its predicative complement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 3 χωρίον | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 μισθός | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | χωρίον | χωρίον | NOUN | N--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular predicate. |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Ἀταρνεὺς | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἀταρνεὺς | Ἀταρνεύς | PROPN | Ne--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 μισθός | appos | medium | Place-name used substantivally in the predicate phrase. |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Χίων | det | high | |
| 8 | Χίων | Χῖος | ADJ | A--NSM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Ἀταρνεὺς | amod | high | Ethnic adjective, substantivally identifying the Chian Atarneus. |
| 9 | μισθός | μισθός | NOUN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐστὶν | xcomp | high | Predicate nominative with εἰμί. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐστὶν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ὃν | ὅς | PRON | P--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 15 λαμβάνουσιν | obj | high | Relative pronoun resumes μισθός. |
| 12 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 Μήδου | case | high | With genitive: source/from. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 Μήδου | det | high | |
| 14 | Μήδου | Μῆδος | PROPN | Ne-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 λαμβάνουσιν | obl | high | The Mede as source. |
| 15 | λαμβάνουσιν | λαμβάνω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ἐστὶν | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 16 | ἄνδρα | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἐκδόντες | obj | high | Object of ἐκδόντες; also semantically linked to the appositional name. |
| 17 | ἐκδόντες | ἐκδίδωμι | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 λαμβάνουσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, sharing the understood subject of λαμβάνουσιν. |
| 18 | ἱκέτην | ἱκέτης | NOUN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἄνδρα | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative: ἄνδρα as a suppliant. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ἐκδόντες | punct | high | |
| 20 | Πακτύην | Πακτύης | PROPN | Ne-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἄνδρα | appos | high | Personal name appositional to ἄνδρα. |
| 21 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 Λυδόν | det | high | |
| 22 | Λυδόν | Λυδός | ADJ | A--ASM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 Πακτύην | amod | high | Ethnic adjective, substantivally identifying Pactyes. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐστὶν | punct | high |
τοῦτο μὲν δὴ μελαίνεται, Ῥωμαίοις δὲ ὑπὲρ τὴν πόλιν, διαβάντων τὸν Ἄνιον ὀνομαζόμενον ποταμόν, ὕδωρ λευκόν ἐστιν·
Two coordinated clauses: τοῦτο μελαίνεται, contrasted with ὕδωρ λευκόν ἐστιν; διαβάντων ... is a genitive absolute, and Ῥωμαίοις is a dative of reference.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 μελαίνεται | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | RP | _ | 4 μελαίνεται | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | RP | _ | 4 μελαίνεται | discourse | high | |
| 4 | μελαίνεται | μελαίνω | VERB | V-PIE-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Middle/passive form; intransitive meaning 'becomes/is black'. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 μελαίνεται | punct | high | |
| 6 | Ῥωμαίοις | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἐστιν | obl | medium | Dative of reference/locale: 'for the Romans'. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 20 ἐστιν | cc | high | |
| 8 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | P | _ | 10 πόλιν | case | high | |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 πόλιν | det | high | |
| 10 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἐστιν | obl | high | ὑπέρ with accusative. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐστιν | punct | high | |
| 12 | διαβάντων | διαβαίνω | VERB | V-APA-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 20 ἐστιν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; understood subject is the Romans. |
| 13 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ποταμόν | det | high | |
| 14 | Ἄνιον | Ἄνιος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ποταμόν | amod | high | Proper-name modifier agreeing with ποταμόν. |
| 15 | ὀνομαζόμενον | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PPP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 16 ποταμόν | acl | high | |
| 16 | ποταμόν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 διαβάντων | obj | high | |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἐστιν | punct | high | |
| 18 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστιν. |
| 19 | λευκόν | λευκός | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ὕδωρ | amod | high | Predicate adjective; UD attaches it to the nominal subject. |
| 20 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 μελαίνεται | parataxis | medium | Second coordinate clause, contrasting with the first clause. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 μελαίνεται | punct | high |
ἀνδρὶ δὲ ἐσβάντι ἐς αὐτὸ τὸ μὲν παραυτίκα ψυχρόν τε πρόσεισι καὶ ἐμποιεῖ φρίκην,
Dative ἀνδρί with circumstantial participle ἐσβάντι introduces the experiencer upon entering; τὸ ... ψυχρόν is a substantivized adjective, with παραυτίκα as temporal adverb, and πρόσεισι/ἐμποιεῖ coordinate predicates. The exact attachment of ἐς αὐτό is semantically somewhat uncertain, but αὐτό is accusative neuter singular referring to the place/object entered.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνδρὶ | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N--DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἐσβάντι | obl | high | Dative experiencer/participant with the circumstantial participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 11 πρόσεισι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐσβάντι | εἰσβαίνω | VERB | V--SAPMSD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 11 πρόσεισι | advcl | high | Aorist active participle, circumstantial with ἀνδρί. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | -------- | _ | 5 αὐτὸ | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 5 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | PRON | P--ASN-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 3 ἐσβάντι | obl | medium | Accusative object of εἰς; antecedent/reference is context-dependent. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L--NSN-- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ψυχρόν | det | high | Article substantivizing ψυχρόν. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | -------- | _ | 11 πρόσεισι | discourse | high | Correlative particle, paired only loosely with the following καί. |
| 8 | παραυτίκα | παραυτίκα | ADV | D-------- | AdvType=Tim | 11 πρόσεισι | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, ‘immediately/for the moment’. |
| 9 | ψυχρόν | ψυχρός | ADJ | A--NSN-- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 πρόσεισι | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, subject of πρόσεισι. |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 11 πρόσεισι | cc | high | Coordinates the two predicates. |
| 11 | πρόσεισι | πρόσειμι | VERB | V-3SPAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite predicate; πρόσειμι here means ‘comes upon/affects’. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 13 ἐμποιεῖ | cc | high | Coordinates ἐμποιεῖ with πρόσεισι. |
| 13 | ἐμποιεῖ | ἐμποιέω | VERB | V-3SPAI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 πρόσεισι | conj | high | Coordinated finite predicate. |
| 14 | φρίκην | φρίκη | NOUN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐμποιεῖ | obj | high | Direct object of ἐμποιεῖ. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πρόσεισι | punct | high | Comma. |
ἐπισχόντι δὲ ὀλίγον ἅτε φάρμακον θερμαίνει τὸ πυρωδέστατον.
The dative participle ἐπισχόντι is best read as a circumstantial dative absolute (‘when/after a little has elapsed’); ἅτε introduces the causal explanatory phrase ‘as a drug’, with φάρμακον understood as the subject of θερμαίνει and τὸ πυρωδέστατον as its object. The exact antecedent and construction of the dative participle are somewhat context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπισχόντι | ἐπέχω | VERB | V-PAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ptcp|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 θερμαίνει | advcl | medium | Circumstantial dative participle, likely functioning as a dative absolute; aspectual sense ‘having paused/elapsed’ is context-dependent. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 θερμαίνει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADV | ADV | _ | 1 ἐπισχόντι | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative, ‘a little’; formally identical to neuter accusative singular adjective. |
| 4 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 φάρμακον | mark | high | Causal/explanatory subordinating particle, ‘inasmuch as/as’. |
| 5 | φάρμακον | φάρμακον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 θερμαίνει | nsubj | medium | Neuter nominative singular subject of θερμαίνει; ἅτε φάρμακον is an explanatory predicative phrase. |
| 6 | θερμαίνει | θερμαίνω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 7 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 πυρωδέστατον | det | high | Article modifying the superlative adjective. |
| 8 | πυρωδέστατον | πυρωδέστατος | ADJ | A-SASN | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 θερμαίνει | obj | high | Substantivized neuter superlative adjective, object of θερμαίνει. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 θερμαίνει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |