Grammar parses for passage 4.35.11
Open translation for this passage
καὶ ὅσαις μὲν πηγαῖς θαῦμά τι ἦν καὶ ἰδόντι, τοσαύτας θεασάμενος οἶδα, τὰς γὰρ δὴ ἐλάσσονος θαύματος ἐπιστάμενος παρίημι·
The opening relative clause is concessive/temporal in force: springs that were a wonder even to one who saw them; τοσαύτας is the object of οἶδα, with θεασάμενος as a nominative circumstantial participle. The final participle παρίημι governs τὰς ... πηγάς by ellipsis/anaphora; ἐλάσσονος θαύματος is a genitive of comparison/partitive description. Some attachment details are uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Coordinating conjunction | _ | 13 οἶδα | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὅσαις | ὅσος | DET | A-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 4 πηγαῖς | det | high | Relative quantifier agreeing with πηγαῖς. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G------ | _ | 7 ἦν | discourse | high | |
| 4 | πηγαῖς | πηγή | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἦν | obl | high | Dative with ἦν, construed as the person/thing for whom something was a wonder. |
| 5 | θαῦμά | θαῦμα | NOUN | N-SNN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | τι | τις | DET | P-SNN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 5 θαῦμά | det | high | Indefinite modifier of θαῦμα. |
| 7 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 13 οἶδα | advcl | medium | Finite verb of the relative clause; clause has concessive/temporal force. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Coordinating conjunction | _ | 9 ἰδόντι | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἰδόντι | ὁράω | VERB | V-2AAP-D-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 7 ἦν | obl | medium | Substantival dative aorist participle, ‘even to one who saw’; its linkage to ἦν is idiomatic and somewhat elliptical. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 οἶδα | punct | high | |
| 11 | τοσαύτας | τοσοῦτος | DET | A-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 13 οἶδα | obj | high | Correlative object, referring to springs. |
| 12 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V-AMP-N-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 13 οἶδα | advcl | high | Nominative circumstantial participle with implicit first-person subject. |
| 13 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V-RIA-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect-form verb with present meaning. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 οἶδα | punct | high | |
| 15 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | L-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 21 παρίημι | obj | medium | Article substantivizing an understood noun, probably πηγάς; object of παρίημι. |
| 16 | γὰρ | γάρ | SCONJ | G------ | _ | 21 παρίημι | mark | high | Explanatory connective. |
| 17 | δὴ | δή | PART | G------ | _ | 21 παρίημι | discourse | high | |
| 18 | ἐλάσσονος | ἐλάσσων | ADJ | A-GSN-C | Case=Gen|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 θαύματος | amod | high | Comparative adjective modifying θαύματος. |
| 19 | θαύματος | θαῦμα | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἐπιστάμενος | obl | medium | Genitive with ἐπιστάμενος, likely genitive of comparison/quality: ‘of lesser wonder’. |
| 20 | ἐπιστάμενος | ἐπίσταμαι | VERB | V-PMP-N-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 21 παρίημι | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, ‘knowing/recognizing’; implicit subject is first person. |
| 21 | παρίημι | παρίημι | VERB | V-PAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 οἶδα | conj | high | Coordinated explanatory predicate under οἶδα; object is the substantivized τὰς. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 οἶδα | punct | high |
δύο δὲ ἀλλοῖα· τὸ μὲν τῆς Καρίας ἐν πεδίῳ καλουμένῳ Λευκῷ θερμόν ἐστιν ὕδωρ παρὰ κώμην ὀνομαζομένην Δασκύλου, πιεῖν καὶ γάλακτος ἥδιον·
Elliptical continuation: δύο ἀλλοῖα introduces two different items, with τὸ ... ὕδωρ as the first; πιεῖν is an articular/elliptical infinitival complement coordinated with the omitted second item. The participles καλουμένῳ and ὀνομαζομένην agree with their local datival/accusatival nouns.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δύο | δύο | NUM | At----------- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἀλλοῖα | nsubj | medium | Neuter nominative numeral functioning as subject/topic with predicate ἀλλοῖα. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 ἀλλοῖα | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀλλοῖα | ἄλλοιος | ADJ | A--NPN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Predicative adjective, with an elliptical verbal/copular construction. |
| 4 | · | · | PUNCT | U | _ | 3 ἀλλοῖα | punct | high | |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P-SNA | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 15 ὕδωρ | discourse | high | Correlative particle; counterpart is not overtly expressed. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | P-SGF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 Καρίας | det | high | |
| 8 | Καρίας | Καρία | PROPN | Ne-S---GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | nmod | high | Genitive of geographical association: the water of Caria. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 πεδίῳ | case | high | |
| 10 | πεδίῳ | πεδίον | NOUN | N-----SD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | obl | high | Location with ἐν. |
| 11 | καλουμένῳ | καλέω | VERB | V--PPMSD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 10 πεδίῳ | acl | high | Agrees with πεδίῳ. |
| 12 | Λευκῷ | Λευκός | PROPN | Ne-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 καλουμένῳ | obl | medium | Name in apposition or naming complement to καλουμένῳ. |
| 13 | θερμόν | θερμός | ADJ | A-SNN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | amod | high | Predicative adjective associated with ὕδωρ; treated as an adjectival modifier. |
| 14 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PXAI-S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ὕδωρ | cop | high | |
| 15 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-----SN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἀλλοῖα | appos | high | First member specified under the elliptical numeral/adjective construction. |
| 16 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 κώμην | case | high | |
| 17 | κώμην | κώμη | NOUN | N-----SA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | obl | high | παρά with accusative, indicating location near a village. |
| 18 | ὀνομαζομένην | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PP-SAF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 17 κώμην | acl | high | Agrees with κώμην. |
| 19 | Δασκύλου | Δάσκυλος | PROPN | Ne-S---GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ὀνομαζομένην | obl | medium | Genitive name dependent on the naming participle; exact naming construction is somewhat elliptical. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | U | _ | 15 ὕδωρ | punct | high | |
| 21 | πιεῖν | πίνω | VERB | V-2ANM---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 24 ἥδιον | csubj | low | Elliptical infinitival clause, likely second item coordinated with the first water description; exact attachment is uncertain. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 21 πιεῖν | cc | high | |
| 23 | γάλακτος | γάλα | NOUN | N-----SG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 ἥδιον | obl | high | Genitive of comparison with ἥδιον. |
| 24 | ἥδιον | ἡδύς | ADJ | A-SNN-C- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἀλλοῖα | conj | low | Comparative predicate for the elliptical infinitival clause; coordination and case are syntactically compressed. |
| 25 | · | · | PUNCT | U | _ | 3 ἀλλοῖα | punct | high |
τὸν δὲ Ἡρόδοτον οἶδα εἰπόντα ὡς ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν Ὕπανιν ἐκδίδωσιν ὕδατος πικροῦ πηγή.
οἶδα takes an accusative object Ἡρόδοτον with a supplementary participle εἰπόντα; the ὡς-clause reports the content. In the clause, πηγή is the subject of ἐκδίδωσιν, with ὕδατος πικροῦ as genitive of substance and τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν Ὕπανιν as the accusative destination/object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 Ἡρόδοτον | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 4 οἶδα | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Ἡρόδοτον | Ἡρόδοτος | PROPN | Nbsm | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 οἶδα | obj | high | |
| 4 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V1SRAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect with present meaning, ‘I know’. |
| 5 | εἰπόντα | λέγω | VERB | VAASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 3 Ἡρόδοτον | xcomp | high | Supplementary accusative participle agreeing with Ἡρόδοτον. |
| 6 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 ἐκδίδωσιν | mark | high | Introduces the reported-content clause. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 ποταμὸν | case | high | |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ποταμὸν | det | high | |
| 9 | ποταμὸν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκδίδωσιν | obl | medium | Destination/object of ἐκδίδωσιν; syntactic analysis is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 10 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 Ὕπανιν | det | high | |
| 11 | Ὕπανιν | Ὕπανις | PROPN | Nbsm | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ποταμὸν | appos | high | Apposition to ποταμόν. |
| 12 | ἐκδίδωσιν | ἐκδίδωμι | VERB | V3SPIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | parataxis | medium | Finite verb in the ὡς-reported clause; attached paratactically to the matrix predicate. |
| 13 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 πηγή | nmod | high | Genitive of substance/content with πηγή. |
| 14 | πικροῦ | πικρός | ADJ | A-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ὕδατος | amod | high | |
| 15 | πηγή | πηγή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκδίδωσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 οἶδα | punct | high |
πῶς δʼ ἂν οὐκ ἀποδεξαίμεθα ἀληθεύειν αὐτῷ τὸν λόγον, ὅπου γε καὶ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἐν Δικαιαρχίᾳ τῇ Τυρρηνῶν ἐξεύρηται ὕδωρ σφίσι θερμὸν οὕτω δή τι ὀξὺ ὥστε τὸν μόλυβδον---διεξῄει γὰρ διὰ μολύβδου ῥέον ---ἔτεσι κατέτηξεν οὐ πολλοῖς;
Main optative question: ἀποδεξαίμεθα governs the infinitival complement ἀληθεύειν, with λόγον as its accusative subject/object construction; ὅπου introduces an evidential temporal/local clause. The ὥστε clause is consecutive, interrupted by a parenthetical explanatory clause (34–38).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πῶς | πῶς | ADV | D- | _ | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δʼ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | cc | high | Elided form. |
| 3 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | X- | _ | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | aux | high | Modal particle with optative. |
| 4 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D- | Polarity=Neg | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἀποδεξαίμεθα | ἀποδέχομαι | VERB | V-2Aor-Md-Opt-1Pl | Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | ἀληθεύειν | ἀληθεύω | VERB | V-Pres-Act-Inf | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | xcomp | high | |
| 7 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-Gnd-Sg-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 6 ἀληθεύειν | obl | medium | Dative of agent/association with ἀληθεύειν. |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-Sg-M-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 λόγον | det | high | |
| 9 | λόγον | λόγος | NOUN | N-Sg-M-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἀληθεύειν | obj | high | Accusative associated with infinitival clause. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | punct | high | |
| 11 | ὅπου | ὅπου | ADV | D-Rel | PronType=Rel | 20 ἐξεύρηται | advmod | high | Introduces evidential temporal/local clause. |
| 12 | γε | γε | PART | X- | _ | 11 ὅπου | discourse | high | |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 20 ἐξεύρηται | advmod | high | Focusing/adverbial καί. |
| 14 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R-GEN | _ | 15 ἡμῶν | case | high | Elided before genitive. |
| 15 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1Pl-GEN | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 20 ἐξεύρηται | obl | high | |
| 16 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-DAT | _ | 17 Δικαιαρχίᾳ | case | high | |
| 17 | Δικαιαρχίᾳ | Δικαιαρχία | PROPN | N-Sg-F-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἐξεύρηται | obl | high | |
| 18 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-Sg-F-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 17 Δικαιαρχίᾳ | det | high | |
| 19 | Τυρρηνῶν | Τυρρηνός | PROPN | N-Pl-M-Gen | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 Δικαιαρχίᾳ | nmod | high | Genitive specifying the city. |
| 20 | ἐξεύρηται | ἐξευρίσκω | VERB | V-Perf-Mp-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | advcl | high | Perfect passive/resultative: has been found/discovered. |
| 21 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-Sg-N-Nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἐξεύρηται | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 22 | σφίσι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3Pl-Dat | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 21 ὕδωρ | obl | medium | Dative of possession/interest; antecedent is contextual. |
| 23 | θερμὸν | θερμός | ADJ | A-Sg-N-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ὕδωρ | amod | medium | Form is accusative in the supplied text, despite nominative ὕδωρ; likely predicative/accommodated agreement issue. |
| 24 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | D- | _ | 27 ὀξὺ | advmod | high | |
| 25 | δή | δή | PART | X- | _ | 24 οὕτω | discourse | high | |
| 26 | τι | τις | PRON | P-Sg-N-Nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 27 ὀξὺ | advmod | medium | Adverbial indefinite, ‘to some degree’. |
| 27 | ὀξὺ | ὀξύς | ADJ | A-Sg-N-Nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ὕδωρ | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with ὕδωρ. |
| 28 | ὥστε | ὥστε | SCONJ | C- | _ | 43 κατέτηξεν | mark | high | Introduces consecutive clause. |
| 29 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-Sg-M-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 30 μόλυβδον | det | high | |
| 30 | μόλυβδον | μόλυβδος | NOUN | N-Sg-M-Acc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 43 κατέτηξεν | obj | high | Object of κατέτηξεν. |
| 31 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 43 κατέτηξεν | punct | high | Dash delimiting parenthesis. |
| 32 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 43 κατέτηξεν | punct | high | Dash delimiting parenthesis. |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 34 διεξῄει | punct | high | Dash before parenthetical clause. |
| 34 | διεξῄει | διέξειμι | VERB | V-Impf-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 43 κατέτηξεν | parataxis | high | Parenthetical explanatory clause. |
| 35 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 34 διεξῄει | cc | high | |
| 36 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-GEN | _ | 37 μολύβδου | case | high | |
| 37 | μολύβδου | μόλυβδος | NOUN | N-Sg-M-Gen | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 34 διεξῄει | obl | high | |
| 38 | ῥέον | ῥέω | VERB | V-Pres-Act-Part-Sg-N-Nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 34 διεξῄει | advcl | high | Adverbial participle, subject understood as ὕδωρ. |
| 39 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 34 διεξῄει | punct | high | Dash closing parenthesis. |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 34 διεξῄει | punct | high | Dash closing parenthesis. |
| 41 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 43 κατέτηξεν | punct | high | Dash after parenthesis. |
| 42 | ἔτεσι | ἔτος | NOUN | N-Pl-N-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 43 κατέτηξεν | obl | high | Dative of time within which. |
| 43 | κατέτηξεν | κατατήκω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | advcl | high | Verb of the consecutive ὥστε clause. |
| 44 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D- | Polarity=Neg | 45 πολλοῖς | advmod | high | |
| 45 | πολλοῖς | πολύς | ADJ | A-Pl-N-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 42 ἔτεσι | amod | high | Modified by οὐ; ‘not many’ years. |
| 46 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἀποδεξαίμεθα | punct | high |