Grammar parses for passage 4.35.5
Open translation for this passage
Ἠπειρῶται δὲ ὡς ἐπαύσαντο βασιλεύεσθαι, τά τε ἄλλα ὁ δῆμος ὕβριζε καὶ ἀκροᾶσθαι τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὑπερεώρων·
ὡς ἐπαύσαντο βασιλεύεσθαι is a temporal subordinate clause; ὕβριζε and ὑπερεώρων are coordinated imperfect predicates with subject ὁ δῆμος, while ἀκροᾶσθαι is an infinitival complement of ὑπερεώρων. The participial-like form ἐπαύσαντο is aorist middle indicative, governing the complementary middle infinitive βασιλεύεσθαι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἠπειρῶται | Ἠπειρώτης | PROPN | N-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ὕβριζε | nsubj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 ὕβριζε | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 4 ἐπαύσαντο | mark | high | Temporal conjunction. |
| 4 | ἐπαύσαντο | παύω | VERB | V3PAMI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 12 ὕβριζε | advcl | high | Middle aorist, with βασιλεύεσθαι as complementary infinitive. |
| 5 | βασιλεύεσθαι | βασιλεύω | VERB | V--PMN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 ἐπαύσαντο | xcomp | high | Complementary middle infinitive, 'to be ruled by a king'. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπαύσαντο | punct | high | |
| 7 | τά | ὁ | DET | P---na---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἄλλα | det | high | Article in the τοῖς ἄλλοις-like substantival phrase. |
| 8 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 ἄλλα | cc | high | Correlative τε with καί. |
| 9 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-p---na---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ὕβριζε | advmod | medium | Substantival accusative phrase, 'in other respects'; analyzed as an accusative adverbial. |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | P---mn---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 δῆμος | det | high | |
| 11 | δῆμος | δῆμος | NOUN | N-s---mn---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ὕβριζε | nsubj | high | |
| 12 | ὕβριζε | ὑβρίζω | VERB | V3SIAI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | First coordinated imperfect predicate. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 ὑπερεώρων | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate. |
| 14 | ἀκροᾶσθαι | ἀκροάομαι | VERB | V--PMN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 19 ὑπερεώρων | xcomp | medium | Infinitive governed by ὑπερεώρων; the understood object is τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς. |
| 15 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | P---ng---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 ὑπερεώρων | obj | medium | Genitive substantive phrase, likely the things/persons in office; attached as the infinitive's object. |
| 16 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 18 ἀρχαῖς | case | high | |
| 17 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | P---fd---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ἀρχαῖς | det | high | |
| 18 | ἀρχαῖς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-p---fd---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 τῶν | nmod | high | ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς modifies the genitive substantive. |
| 19 | ὑπερεώρων | ὑπεροράω | VERB | V3PIAI---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 12 ὕβριζε | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate; plural form reflects the understood plural subject Ἠπειρῶται, despite the intervening singular ὁ δῆμος. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ὕβριζε | punct | high |
καὶ σφᾶς οἱ Ἰλλυριοὶ τὰ πρὸς τοῦ Ἰονίου τὴν Ἤπειρον ὑπεροικοῦντες παρεστήσαντο ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς.
The phrase τὰ πρὸς τοῦ Ἰονίου is elliptical and geographically modifies the participial clause; it is attached here through substantivized Ἰόνιος and the neuter article.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 παρεστήσαντο | cc | high | |
| 2 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | Pp | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 παρεστήσαντο | obj | high | Third-person plural personal pronoun; enclitic/contracted spelling. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Ἰλλυριοὶ | det | high | |
| 4 | Ἰλλυριοὶ | Ἰλλυριός | PROPN | Nb | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 παρεστήσαντο | nsubj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 πρὸς | det | high | |
| 6 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 8 Ἰονίου | case | high | Preposition governing τοῦ Ἰονίου. |
| 7 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Ἰονίου | det | high | |
| 8 | Ἰονίου | Ἰόνιος | PROPN | A- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 τὰ | nmod | medium | Substantivized geographical adjective, 'Ionian'; τὰ πρὸς τοῦ Ἰονίου is an elliptical geographical expression. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Ἤπειρον | det | high | |
| 10 | Ἤπειρον | Ἤπειρος | PROPN | Nb | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ὑπεροικοῦντες | obj | high | Accusative object of ὑπεροικοῦντες. |
| 11 | ὑπεροικοῦντες | ὑπεροικέω | VERB | V- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 παρεστήσαντο | advcl | high | Present active circumstantial participle agreeing with Ἰλλυριοί. |
| 12 | παρεστήσαντο | παρίστημι | VERB | V- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle; contextually 'confronted/arrayed themselves against'. |
| 13 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 14 ἐπιδρομῆς | case | high | |
| 14 | ἐπιδρομῆς | ἐπιδρομή | NOUN | N-f | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 παρεστήσαντο | obl | high | Genitive of manner/source with ἐξ. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 παρεστήσαντο | punct | high |
οὐ γάρ πω δημοκρατίαν ἴσμεν ἄλλους γε ἢ Ἀθηναίους αὐξήσαντας, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ προήχθησαν ἐπὶ μέγα ἀπʼ αὐτῆς·
The first clause uses an accusative participial construction with ἴσμεν; the second is coordinated, with ἐπὶ μέγα and ἀπʼ αὐτῆς as prepositional adjuncts.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | ἄρνησις | Polarity=Neg | 5 ἴσμεν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | γάρ | γάρ | PART | μόριον | _ | 5 ἴσμεν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | πω | πω | ADV | ἐπίρρημα | _ | 5 ἴσμεν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, here ‘yet’. |
| 4 | δημοκρατίαν | δημοκρατία | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 αὐξήσαντας | obj | medium | Object of the participle αὐξήσαντας within the existential/knowledge construction. |
| 5 | ἴσμεν | οἶδα | VERB | V-RAI-1P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect-form verb with present meaning. |
| 6 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 αὐξήσαντας | obj | medium | Accusative substantive, coordinated semantically with Ἀθηναίους. |
| 7 | γε | γε | PART | μόριον | _ | 6 ἄλλους | discourse | high | |
| 8 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | σύνδεσμος | _ | 6 ἄλλους | cc | medium | Introduces the exclusive comparison phrase ἄλλους ... ἢ Ἀθηναίους. |
| 9 | Ἀθηναίους | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἄλλους | conj | high | Accusative plural ethnic name. |
| 10 | αὐξήσαντας | αὐξάνω | VERB | V-PAP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 ἴσμεν | ccomp | medium | Accusative participle in an infinitival-like construction dependent on ἴσμεν; its understood subject is ἄλλους/Ἀθηναίους. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 αὐξήσαντας | punct | high | |
| 12 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 προήχθησαν | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | σύνδεσμος | _ | 14 προήχθησαν | cc | high | |
| 14 | προήχθησαν | προάγω | VERB | V-API-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 5 ἴσμεν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite clause. |
| 15 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P-G | Case=Acc|PrepCase=Npr | 16 μέγα | case | high | Takes accusative μέγα. |
| 16 | μέγα | μέγας | ADJ | A-ANS | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 προήχθησαν | obl | medium | Neuter accusative substantive, ‘to a great height/extent’. |
| 17 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | P-G | Case=Gen|PrepCase=Npr | 18 αὐτῆς | case | high | Elided form of ἀπό. |
| 18 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P-GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 14 προήχθησαν | obl | high | Refers to δημοκρατία. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 προήχθησαν | punct | high |
συνέσει γὰρ οἰκείᾳ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ὑπερεβάλλοντο καὶ νόμοις τοῖς καθεστηκόσιν ἐλάχιστα ἠπείθουν.
The first imperfect middle verb is syntactically difficult: ὑπερβάλλομαι may mean 'excel/surpass', while τὸ Ἑλληνικόν is analyzed as its nominative neuter subject; the second predicate is coordinated with an understood plural subject and takes νόμοις as its dative complement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | συνέσει | σύνεσις | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ὑπερεβάλλοντο | obl | high | Dative of respect/means: 'in intelligence'. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G--------- | _ | 6 ὑπερεβάλλοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | οἰκείᾳ | οἰκεῖος | ADJ | A--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 συνέσει | amod | high | Agrees with συνέσει. |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 Ἑλληνικὸν | det | high | Article with substantivized adjective. |
| 5 | Ἑλληνικὸν | Ἑλληνικός | ADJ | A--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ὑπερεβάλλοντο | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, 'the Greek [element/character]'. |
| 6 | ὑπερεβάλλοντο | ὑπερβάλλω | VERB | V- IIM-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperfect middle; subject is understood from context, with τὸ Ἑλληνικόν as the thing surpassed or exceeded. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 12 ἠπείθουν | cc | high | Coordinates the second verbal predicate. |
| 8 | νόμοις | νόμος | NOUN | N--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἠπείθουν | obl | high | Dative with ἀπειθέω, 'obey laws'. |
| 9 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 καθεστηκόσιν | det | high | Article with καθεστηκόσιν. |
| 10 | καθεστηκόσιν | καθίστημι | VERB | V-RAP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 8 νόμοις | amod | high | Perfect active participle modifying νόμοις, 'established'. |
| 11 | ἐλάχιστα | ἐλάχιστος | ADV | A------- | Degree=Sup | 12 ἠπείθουν | advmod | high | Adverbial neuter plural/superlative form: 'least of all'. |
| 12 | ἠπείθουν | ἀπειθέω | VERB | V- IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 6 ὑπερεβάλλοντο | conj | high | Coordinated imperfect predicate. |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ὑπερεβάλλοντο | punct | high |