Grammar parses for passage 4.5.6
Open translation for this passage
ταῦτα μὲν δὴ αἴτια ἑκάτεροι τοῦ πολέμου γενέσθαι λέγουσι·
The infinitive γενέσθαι is a reported-content clause governed by λέγουσι; ταῦτα is its neuter plural subject/predicative topic, while αἴτια is the predicate complement and τοῦ πολέμου its genitive complement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | PDN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 αἴτια | nsubj | high | Neuter plural demonstrative, subject/predicate-subject of the infinitival clause. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | P | _ | 9 λέγουσι | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | P | _ | 9 λέγουσι | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | αἴτια | αἴτιος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 γενέσθαι | xcomp | medium | Neuter plural adjective used substantivally, complement/predicate of γενέσθαι. |
| 5 | ἑκάτεροι | ἑκάτερος | PRON | PX-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 λέγουσι | nsubj | high | Substantivized distributive pronoun, subject of λέγουσι. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | DA-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 πολέμου | det | high | Article marking the genitive complement. |
| 7 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 αἴτια | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on αἴτια: causes of the war. |
| 8 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-ANM | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 9 λέγουσι | ccomp | high | Aorist middle infinitive in reported content, with αἴτια as predicate complement. |
| 9 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite matrix verb. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 λέγουσι | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τότε δὲ πρεσβεία Λακεδαιμονίων ἥκουσα ἐξῄτει Πολυχάρην.
The finite verb ἐξῄτει is the root; πρεσβεία is its nominative subject, with Λακεδαιμονίων as a dependent genitive and Πολυχάρην as the accusative object. ἥκουσα is an attributive/participial modifier of πρεσβεία, agreeing in feminine nominative singular.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D---- | PronType=Dem | 6 ἐξῄτει | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 ἐξῄτει | cc | high | |
| 3 | πρεσβεία | πρεσβεία | NOUN | N1FS-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξῄτει | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Ne---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 πρεσβεία | nmod | high | |
| 5 | ἥκουσα | ἥκω | VERB | VPRF--S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 3 πρεσβεία | amod | medium | Perfect active participle, agreeing with πρεσβεία; formally identical to a first-person singular perfect indicative. |
| 6 | ἐξῄτει | ἐξαιτέω | VERB | V3IIAI-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | Πολυχάρην | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | Ne---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξῄτει | obj | high | |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐξῄτει | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ τῶν Μεσσηνίων βασιλεῖς τοῖς μὲν πρέσβεσιν ἀπεκρίναντο ὅτι βουλευσάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ δήμου τὰ δόξαντα ἐπιστελοῦσιν ἐς Σπάρτην, αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐκείνων ἀπελθόντων ἐς ἐκκλησίαν τοὺς πολίτας συνῆγον.
The first clause has βασιλεῖς as subject of ἀπεκρίναντο, with a dative recipient and ὅτι-complement. βουλευσάμενοι is a circumstantial participle with the implicit subject βασιλεῖς; δόξαντα is a substantivized aorist participle, object of ἐπιστελοῦσιν. The second clause uses an absolute genitive construction (ἐκείνων ἀπελθόντων), followed by an infinitive-like purpose/direction phrase ἐς ἐκκλησίαν and συνῆγον with τοὺς πολίτας as object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T--NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 βασιλεῖς | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Pos | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | |
| 4 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 βασιλεῖς | nmod | high | Ethnic name used substantivally as possessor/genitive dependent. |
| 5 | βασιλεῖς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 πρέσβεσιν | det | high | |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 8 πρέσβεσιν | discourse | high | Correlative μέν anticipates δέ at token 22. |
| 8 | πρέσβεσιν | πρέσβυς | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | iobj | high | |
| 9 | ἀπεκρίναντο | ἀποκρίνω | VERB | V-3PMAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | mark | high | Introduces reported content. |
| 11 | βουλευσάμενοι | βουλεύω | VERB | V-AMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle with subject βασιλεῖς. |
| 12 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 δήμου | case | high | |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 δήμου | det | high | |
| 14 | δήμου | δῆμος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 βουλευσάμενοι | obl | high | Genitive governed by μετά, 'with the people'. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 δόξαντα | det | high | |
| 16 | δόξαντα | δοκέω | VERB | V-APP-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | obj | medium | Substantivized: 'the decisions/agreed matters'; nominative-form neuter plural with participial nominal use. |
| 17 | ἐπιστελοῦσιν | ἐπιστέλλω | VERB | V-3PFAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Act | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | ccomp | high | Future in reported content. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 Σπάρτην | case | high | |
| 19 | Σπάρτην | Σπάρτη | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | obl | high | |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | punct | high | |
| 21 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 29 συνῆγον | nsubj | high | Resumptive/emphatic subject of the coordinated second clause. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Pos | 29 συνῆγον | cc | high | Coordinates the second main clause with the first. |
| 23 | ἐκείνων | ἐκεῖνος | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 24 ἀπελθόντων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 24 | ἀπελθόντων | ἀπέρχομαι | VERB | V-2AAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 συνῆγον | advcl | high | Genitive absolute: 'after they had departed'. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 ἐκκλησίαν | case | high | |
| 26 | ἐκκλησίαν | ἐκκλησία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 συνῆγον | obl | high | Directional goal, likely with implicit movement/assembly sense. |
| 27 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 πολίτας | det | high | |
| 28 | πολίτας | πολίτης | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 συνῆγον | obj | high | |
| 29 | συνῆγον | συνάγω | VERB | V-3IIA-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | conj | high | Coordinated main predicate; 'they gathered/convened the citizens'. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | punct | high |
αἱ δὲ γνῶμαι διάφοροι παρὰ πολὺ ἐγίνοντο, Ἀνδροκλέους μὲν ἐκδιδόναι Πολυχάρην ὡς ἀνόσιά τε καὶ πέρα δεινῶν εἰργασμένον· Ἀντίοχος δὲ ἄλλα τε ἀντέλεγε καὶ τὸ ἁπάντων οἴκτιστον, εἰ Πολυχάρης ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πείσεται τοῖς Εὐαίφνου, καταριθμούμενος ὅσα καὶ οἷα ἦν ἀνάγκη παθεῖν.
Main predicate ἐγίνοντο takes γνῶμαι as subject; the following accusative-infinitive construction gives Androcles' opinion, while Antiochus is coordinated with a contrasting finite clause. The εἰ-clause is the content of τὸ οἴκτιστον, with καταριθμούμενος referring to Antiochus and ὅσα/οἷα linked to παθεῖν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-----NFP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 γνῶμαι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | γνῶμαι | γνώμη | NOUN | N---NF-P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἐγίνοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | διάφοροι | διάφορος | ADJ | A---NF-P- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 γνῶμαι | amod | high | |
| 5 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 πολὺ | case | high | |
| 6 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADV | A----NA-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐγίνοντο | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative. |
| 7 | ἐγίνοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V3PIIM--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high | |
| 9 | Ἀνδροκλέους | Ἀνδροκλῆς | PROPN | N---GM-S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | nsubj | high | Genitive subject of the infinitive. |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | cc | high | |
| 11 | ἐκδιδόναι | ἐκδίδωμι | VERB | V--PAN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 ἐγίνοντο | ccomp | high | Infinitival report of Androcles' view. |
| 12 | Πολυχάρην | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | N---AM-S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | obj | high | |
| 13 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 19 εἰργασμένον | mark | medium | Introduces an explanatory/complementary participial clause. |
| 14 | ἀνόσιά | ἀνόσιος | ADJ | A---NA-P- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 εἰργασμένον | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative adjective with εἰργασμένον. |
| 15 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἀνόσιά | cc | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 ἀνόσιά | cc | high | |
| 17 | πέρα | πέρα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 18 δεινῶν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying δεινῶν. |
| 18 | δεινῶν | δεινός | ADJ | A---NG-P- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 εἰργασμένον | obl | medium | Genitive in the phrase πέρα δεινῶν. |
| 19 | εἰργασμένον | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | V-RP-AMS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | advcl | medium | Accusative masculine singular participle agreeing with Πολυχάρην; form reflects perfect middle/passive. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high | |
| 21 | Ἀντίοχος | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | N---NM-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἀντέλεγε | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 25 ἀντέλεγε | cc | high | |
| 23 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | PRON | A---NA-P- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind | 25 ἀντέλεγε | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural. |
| 24 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 25 | ἀντέλεγε | ἀντιλέγω | VERB | V3SIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 7 ἐγίνοντο | conj | high | |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 29 οἴκτιστον | cc | high | |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-----NAS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 29 οἴκτιστον | det | high | |
| 28 | ἁπάντων | ἅπας | PRON | A---NG-P- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Tot | 29 οἴκτιστον | nmod | high | Partitive genitive. |
| 29 | οἴκτιστον | οἰκτιστός | ADJ | A---NAS- | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ἀντέλεγε | obj | high | Substantivized superlative. |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἀντέλεγε | punct | high | |
| 31 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 35 πείσεται | mark | high | |
| 32 | Πολυχάρης | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | N---NM-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 πείσεται | nsubj | high | |
| 33 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 34 ὀφθαλμοῖς | case | high | |
| 34 | ὀφθαλμοῖς | ὀφθαλμός | NOUN | N---MD-P- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 πείσεται | obl | high | |
| 35 | πείσεται | πάσχω | VERB | V3SFIM--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Mid | 29 οἴκτιστον | ccomp | medium | Future middle of πάσχω, ‘will suffer’; content of τὸ οἴκτιστον. |
| 36 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-----MD-P | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 37 Εὐαίφνου | det | high | |
| 37 | Εὐαίφνου | Εὐαίφνος | PROPN | N---GM-S- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 34 ὀφθαλμοῖς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ὀφθαλμοῖς. |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 35 πείσεται | punct | high | |
| 39 | καταριθμούμενος | καταριθμέω | VERB | V-PMPNM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 25 ἀντέλεγε | advcl | high | Agrees with Ἀντίοχος. |
| 40 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | A---NA-P- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 45 παθεῖν | obj | high | |
| 41 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 42 οἷα | cc | high | |
| 42 | οἷα | οἷος | PRON | A---NA-P- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 40 ὅσα | conj | high | Coordinated relative quantifier. |
| 43 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 44 ἀνάγκη | cop | high | |
| 44 | ἀνάγκη | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | N---NF-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 45 παθεῖν | nsubj | high | Impersonal necessity construction. |
| 45 | παθεῖν | πάσχω | VERB | V--AAN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 39 καταριθμούμενος | xcomp | high | |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high |