Grammar parses for passage 4.5.6
Open translation for this passage
ταῦτα μὲν δὴ αἴτια ἑκάτεροι τοῦ πολέμου γενέσθαι λέγουσι·
The construction is ellipted/compact: αἴτια γενέσθαι forms a predicative infinitival phrase dependent on λέγουσι, with ταῦτα and ἑκάτεροι as separate subjects in the reported content.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | Pd--NPAN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 γενέσθαι | nsubj | high | Subject of γενέσθαι. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 4 αἴτια | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 4 αἴτια | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | αἴτια | αἴτιος | ADJ | A--NPAN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 λέγουσι | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective with infinitive; could be analysed as object complement. |
| 5 | ἑκάτεροι | ἑκάτερος | ADJ | A--NPMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 λέγουσι | nsubj | high | Subject of λέγουσι. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Gs-NSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 πολέμου | det | high | Article with πολέμου. |
| 7 | πολέμου | πόλεμος | NOUN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 γενέσθαι | obl | high | Genitive dependent of γενέσθαι. |
| 8 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-ANM-- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 4 αἴτια | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement dependent on αἴτια. |
| 9 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 λέγουσι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
τότε δὲ πρεσβεία Λακεδαιμονίων ἥκουσα ἐξῄτει Πολυχάρην.
The main clause is straightforward; the participle ἥκουσα most likely modifies πρεσβεία, though the agreement is slightly irregular in context.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τότε | τότε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 6 ἐξῄτει | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 6 ἐξῄτει | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | πρεσβεία | πρεσβεία | NOUN | N-------- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξῄτει | nsubj | medium | Likely nominative subject of ἐξῄτει. |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | A-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 πρεσβεία | nmod | high | Attributive genitive modifying πρεσβεία. |
| 5 | ἥκουσα | ἥκω | VERB | V-PPPNSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 πρεσβεία | acl | medium | Participial modifier agreeing with πρεσβεία; syntax somewhat uncertain. |
| 6 | ἐξῄτει | ἐξαιτέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 7 | Πολυχάρην | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | N--ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐξῄτει | obj | high | Direct object. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐξῄτει | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
οἱ δὲ τῶν Μεσσηνίων βασιλεῖς τοῖς μὲν πρέσβεσιν ἀπεκρίναντο ὅτι βουλευσάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ δήμου τὰ δόξαντα ἐπιστελοῦσιν ἐς Σπάρτην, αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐκείνων ἀπελθόντων ἐς ἐκκλησίαν τοὺς πολίτας συνῆγον.
Two coordinated main clauses: the first with indirect statement after ἀπεκρίναντο, and the second with a genitive absolute (ἐκείνων ἀπελθόντων) modifying the main action συνῆγον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-APMN | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 βασιλεῖς | det | high | Article modifying βασιλεῖς. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 5 βασιλεῖς | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-GPN | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίων. |
| 4 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 βασιλεῖς | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of βασιλεῖς. |
| 5 | βασιλεῖς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπεκρίναντο. |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-DPN | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 πρέσβεσιν | det | high | Article modifying πρέσβεσιν. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G | _ | 6 τοῖς | discourse | high | Correlative particle with τοῖς ... δὲ. |
| 8 | πρέσβεσιν | πρέσβις | NOUN | N-P---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | iobj | medium | Dative of addressee/recipient. |
| 9 | ἀπεκρίναντο | ἀποκρίνομαι | VERB | V-3PAMI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 10 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | C | _ | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | mark | high | Introduces indirect statement. |
| 11 | βουλευσάμενοι | βουλεύομαι | VERB | V-AP-MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, agreeing with βασιλεῖς. |
| 12 | μετὰ | μετά | ADP | R | _ | 14 δήμου | case | high | Preposition taking genitive. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-GSN | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 δήμου | det | high | Article modifying δήμου. |
| 14 | δήμου | δῆμος | NOUN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 βουλευσάμενοι | obl | high | Object of μετὰ. |
| 15 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APNN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 δόξαντα | det | high | Article modifying δόξαντα. |
| 16 | δόξαντα | δοκέω | VERB | V-AP-AN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | obj | high | Substantivized participle meaning 'the decided things'. |
| 17 | ἐπιστελοῦσιν | ἐπιστέλλω | VERB | V-3PPIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 11 βουλευσάμενοι | conj | high | Finite verb in the ὅτι-clause. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 19 Σπάρτην | case | high | Preposition. |
| 19 | Σπάρτην | Σπάρτη | PROPN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐπιστελοῦσιν | obl | high | Goal complement of ἐς. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπεκρίναντο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 21 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | A-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 συνῆγον | nsubj | high | Subject of συνῆγον. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 29 συνῆγον | discourse | high | Connective particle. |
| 23 | ἐκείνων | ἐκεῖνος | PRON | D-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἀπελθόντων | nsubj | medium | Genitive absolute subject. |
| 24 | ἀπελθόντων | ἀπέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAPMG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 συνῆγον | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 26 ἐκκλησίαν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 26 | ἐκκλησίαν | ἐκκλησία | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 συνῆγον | obl | high | Goal complement of ἐς. |
| 27 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-APMN | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 28 πολίτας | det | high | Article modifying πολίτας. |
| 28 | πολίτας | πολίτης | NOUN | N-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 συνῆγον | obj | high | Direct object of συνῆγον. |
| 29 | συνῆγον | συνάγω | VERB | V-3PIIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of second clause. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 συνῆγον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
αἱ δὲ γνῶμαι διάφοροι παρὰ πολὺ ἐγίνοντο, Ἀνδροκλέους μὲν ἐκδιδόναι Πολυχάρην ὡς ἀνόσιά τε καὶ πέρα δεινῶν εἰργασμένον· Ἀντίοχος δὲ ἄλλα τε ἀντέλεγε καὶ τὸ ἁπάντων οἴκτιστον, εἰ Πολυχάρης ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πείσεται τοῖς Εὐαίφνου, καταριθμούμενος ὅσα καὶ οἷα ἦν ἀνάγκη παθεῖν.
The syntax is heavily paratactic with reported speech and several infinitival/participial complements; 35 πείσεται is the most uncertain token because the context may invite a different lexical interpretation than the surface form suggests.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 γνῶμαι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | γνῶμαι | γνώμη | NOUN | n-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ἐγίνοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | διάφοροι | διάφορος | ADJ | a-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 3 γνῶμαι | amod | high | |
| 5 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | _r-------- | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | case | high | with acc. intensifying comparison |
| 6 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 παρὰ | obl | medium | adverbial accusative of degree |
| 7 | ἐγίνοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | v3piim--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high | |
| 9 | Ἀνδροκλέους | Ἀνδροκλῆς | PROPN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | nsubj | medium | subject of infinitive |
| 10 | μὲν | μέν | PART | g-------- | _ | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | discourse | high | |
| 11 | ἐκδιδόναι | ἐκδίδωμι | VERB | v--pna--- | Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 7 ἐγίνοντο | ccomp | high | infinitival content clause |
| 12 | Πολυχάρην | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐκδιδόναι | obj | high | |
| 13 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | c--------- | _ | 19 εἰργασμένον | mark | high | |
| 14 | ἀνόσιά | ἀνόσιος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 εἰργασμένον | obj | medium | substantivized neuter plural |
| 15 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 14 ἀνόσιά | discourse | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 17 πέρα | cc | high | |
| 17 | πέρα | πέρα | ADV | d-------- | _ | 19 εἰργασμένον | advmod | high | |
| 18 | δεινῶν | δεινός | ADJ | a-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 πέρα | obl | medium | genitive of comparison/limit |
| 19 | εἰργασμένον | ἐργάζομαι | VERB | v-srppma- | Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 12 Πολυχάρην | amod | high | participle agreeing with Πολυχάρην |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high | |
| 21 | Ἀντίοχος | Ἀντίοχος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἀντέλεγε | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | g-------- | _ | 25 ἀντέλεγε | discourse | high | |
| 23 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 ἀντέλεγε | obj | high | object of implied λέγειν/ἀντιλέγειν |
| 24 | τε | τε | PART | g-------- | _ | 23 ἄλλα | discourse | high | |
| 25 | ἀντέλεγε | ἀντιλέγω | VERB | v3siia--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 7 ἐγίνοντο | parataxis | high | |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 25 ἀντέλεγε | cc | high | |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 29 οἴκτιστον | det | high | |
| 28 | ἁπάντων | ἅπας | ADJ | a-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 οἴκτιστον | amod | medium | partitive genitive modifying superlative |
| 29 | οἴκτιστον | οἰκτίστος | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ἀντέλεγε | obj | high | substantivized superlative |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἀντέλεγε | punct | high | |
| 31 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 35 πείσεται | mark | high | |
| 32 | Πολυχάρης | Πολυχάρης | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 πείσεται | nsubj | high | |
| 33 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _p-------- | _ | 35 πείσεται | case | high | |
| 34 | ὀφθαλμοῖς | ὀφθαλμός | NOUN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 πείσεται | obl | high | |
| 35 | πείσεται | πάσχω | VERB | v3sfim--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Mid | 25 ἀντέλεγε | ccomp | medium | form likely future middle of πείθω/πάσχω? context suggests future of πείθω but token form is ambiguous |
| 36 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | l-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 37 Εὐαίφνου | det | high | |
| 37 | Εὐαίφνου | Εὐαίφνους | PROPN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 πείσεται | obl | medium | proper name as genitive modifier of article+ noun phrase |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 35 πείσεται | punct | high | |
| 39 | καταριθμούμενος | καταριθμέω | VERB | v-sppmmn- | Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 21 Ἀντίοχος | advcl | high | |
| 40 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | p-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 45 παθεῖν | obj | high | |
| 41 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 42 οἷα | cc | high | |
| 42 | οἷα | οἷος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 40 ὅσα | conj | high | |
| 43 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | v3siia--- | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 44 ἀνάγκη | cop | high | |
| 44 | ἀνάγκη | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 45 παθεῖν | nsubj | high | subject of infinitive construction |
| 45 | παθεῖν | πάσχω | VERB | v--ana--- | Aspect=Perf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 39 καταριθμούμενος | ccomp | high | complement of λέγει/καταριθμεῖσθαι nuance; infinitival content |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high |