Grammar parses for passage 4.8.10
Open translation for this passage
τὸ δὲ ἕτερον κέρας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐταλαιπώρει.
Simple clause with κέρας as subject and a dative beneficiary/affected party; δὲ is discourse-level.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 κέρας | det | high | Article modifying κέρας. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 κέρας | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying κέρας. |
| 4 | κέρας | κέρας | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | nsubj | high | Neuter singular subject; likely nominative/accusative form identical. |
| 5 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίοις. |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | obl | medium | Dative plural likely dative of disadvantage/association. |
| 7 | ἐταλαιπώρει | ταλαιπωρέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, imperfect indicative active 3sg. |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
Πυθάρατός τε γὰρ ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐτεθνήκει καὶ αὐτοὶ διὰ τὴν ἀναρχίαν ἀτακτότερον καὶ θορυβωδέστερον ἐμάχοντο,
Two coordinated main clauses: the first with pluperfect ἐτεθνήκει and the second with imperfect ἐμάχοντο; Πυθάρατος ὁ στρατηγός is best treated as apposition.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Πυθάρατός | Πυθάρατος | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐτεθνήκει | nsubj | high | Proper name, nominative subject of ἐτεθνήκει. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 Πυθάρατός | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 6 ἐτεθνήκει | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-NSM- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 στρατηγὸς | det | high | Article modifying στρατηγός. |
| 5 | στρατηγὸς | στρατηγός | NOUN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 Πυθάρατός | appos | medium | Likely apposition to Πυθάρατος: 'Pytharatos, the general'. |
| 6 | ἐτεθνήκει | τεθνήκω | VERB | V-LAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 ἐμάχοντο | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction linking the second clause. |
| 8 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | A-PNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐμάχοντο | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject 'they themselves'. |
| 9 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 ἀναρχίαν | case | high | Preposition governing ἀναρχίαν. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-ASF- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 ἀναρχίαν | det | high | Article modifying ἀναρχίαν. |
| 11 | ἀναρχίαν | ἀναρχία | NOUN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐμάχοντο | obl | high | Oblique cause with διά. |
| 12 | ἀτακτότερον | ἀτάκτως | ADV | D------- | Degree=Cmp | 15 ἐμάχοντο | advmod | high | Comparative adverb modifying ἐμάχοντο. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 θορυβωδέστερον | cc | high | Coordinates the two adverbs. |
| 14 | θορυβωδέστερον | θορυβωδῶς | ADV | D------- | Degree=Cmp | 12 ἀτακτότερον | conj | high | Second coordinated comparative adverb. |
| 15 | ἐμάχοντο | μάχομαι | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second main clause verb; middle/deponent morphology. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐμάχοντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
οὐ μέντοι ἀθύμως εἶχον οὐδʼ οὗτοι.
Elliptical coordination: οὐδʼ οὗτοι shares the verb εἶχον; οὐ and μέντοι are discourse/negation particles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 4 εἶχον | advmod | high | Negative particle modifying the verb. |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | PART | _ | _ | 4 εἶχον | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | ἀθύμως | ἀθύμως | ADV | D--------- | _ | 4 εἶχον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying εἶχον. |
| 4 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | VIAI3P--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 5 | οὐδʼ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 οὗτοι | cc | medium | Coordinating negative conjunction linking the second subject with the first. |
| 6 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PD----MP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 4 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Second coordinated subject; shared predicate with εἶχον. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 εἶχον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
φεύγουσι δὲ οὔτε τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ὁ Πολύδωρος οὔτε οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἠκολούθησαν·
Coordination with οὔτε...οὔτε links two dative complements to the main verb ἠκολούθησαν; φεύγουσι is a separate finite clause preceding the main statement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φεύγουσι | φεύγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | advcl | medium | Likely causal/temporal participial-like finite clause with omitted conjunction; attached to main verb. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | cc | high | Correlative coordinator. |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-APM-D | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | Article with Μεσσηνίοις. |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | iobj | high | Substantival adjective used as indirect object. |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-NSM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Πολύδωρος | det | high | Article with Πολύδωρος. |
| 7 | Πολύδωρος | Πολύδωρος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἠκολούθησαν. |
| 8 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | cc | high | Correlative coordinator. |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NPM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 Εὐφαῆ | det | high | Article with περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ. |
| 10 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R | _ | 12 Εὐφαῆ | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 11 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-ASM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Εὐφαῆ | det | high | Article with Εὐφαῆ. |
| 12 | Εὐφαῆ | Εὐφαής | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | obl | high | Prepositional phrase governed by ἠκολούθησαν. |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-DPM | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Λακεδαιμονίοις | det | high | Article with Λακεδαιμονίοις. |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | iobj | high | Substantival adjective used as indirect object. |
| 15 | ἠκολούθησαν | ἀκολουθέω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb; governing two dative complements with οὔτε...οὔτε. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
Εὐφαεῖ γὰρ καὶ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν αἱρετώτερα ἐφαίνετο ἀμύνειν τοῖς ἡττωμένοις---οὐ μέντοι Πολυδώρῳ γὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν συμμίσγουσιν, ἐν σκότῳ γὰρ ἤδη τὰ γινόμενα ἦν---
The sentence contains a parenthetical contrast introduced by μέντοι and a second explanatory clause with ἦν; the first segment is syntactically difficult because Εὐφαεῖ is likely a dative of respect/cause with ἐφαίνετο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Εὐφαεῖ | εὐφαής | ADJ | ADJ | Case=Dative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 8 ἐφαίνετο | advcl | medium | Likely dative of respect or cause modifying ἐφαίνετο. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 τοῖς | cc | high | Links περὶ αὐτὸν with the preceding τοῖς. |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 9 ἀμύνειν | obl | medium | Article functioning substantively with περὶ αὐτόν. |
| 5 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 τοῖς | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτόν. |
| 6 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3ms | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 4 τοῖς | nmod | high | Object of περί. |
| 7 | αἱρετώτερα | αἱρετός | ADJ | ADJ | Case=Accusative|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 8 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | medium | Comparative adjective likely predicative with infinitive ἀμύνειν. |
| 8 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνομαι | VERB | V-3SII-M | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 9 | ἀμύνειν | ἀμύνω | VERB | V--PAN | Tense=Present|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Active | 8 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive. |
| 10 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 9 ἀμύνειν | obj | high | Dative with ἀμύνειν. |
| 11 | ἡττωμένοις | ἡσσάομαι | VERB | V-RPM-P | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural|Tense=Present|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 10 τοῖς | amod | high | Participle functioning adjectivally with τοῖς. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 14 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 15 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | _ | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | advmod | high | Negates συμμίσγουσιν. |
| 16 | μέντοι | μέντοι | PART | PART | _ | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | discourse | high | Adversative particle. |
| 17 | Πολυδώρῳ | Πολύδωρος | PROPN | N-S---D | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | obl | high | Dative complement of συμμίσγουσιν. |
| 18 | γὲ | γε | PART | PART | _ | 17 Πολυδώρῳ | discourse | medium | Enclitic emphasis; attached to Πολυδώρῳ. |
| 19 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 τοῖς | cc | high | Coordinates the following dative phrase with Πολυδώρῳ. |
| 20 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | obl | medium | Substantive article with περὶ αὐτὸν. |
| 21 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 τοῖς | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτόν. |
| 22 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp3ms | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 20 τοῖς | nmod | high | Object of περί. |
| 23 | συμμίσγουσιν | συμμίσγω | VERB | V-3PPAI | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Present|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Active | 8 ἐφαίνετο | conj | high | Second coordinated main clause after parenthetical punctuation. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 26 σκότῳ | case | high | Preposition governing σκότῳ. |
| 26 | σκότῳ | σκότος | NOUN | N-S---D | Case=Dative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Singular | 31 ἦν | obl | high | Locative dative with ἦν. |
| 27 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 31 ἦν | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 28 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D | _ | 31 ἦν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἦν. |
| 29 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 30 γινόμενα | det | high | Article with participle functioning substantively. |
| 30 | γινόμενα | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RPP-N | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural|Tense=Present|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 31 ἦν | nsubj | high | Substantivized participle, subject of ἦν. |
| 31 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-3SIIA | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of the parenthetical explanatory clause. |
| 32 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 34 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |