Grammar parses for passage 4.8.10
Open translation for this passage
τὸ δὲ ἕτερον κέρας τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ἐταλαιπώρει.
The neuter singular subject κέρας takes the imperfect active verb ἐταλαιπώρει; τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις is a dative of the affected party.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 κέρας | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating particle. |
| 3 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 κέρας | amod | high | |
| 4 | κέρας | κέρας | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | iobj | high | Dative of the affected party. |
| 7 | ἐταλαιπώρει | ταλαιπωρέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐταλαιπώρει | punct | high |
Πυθάρατός τε γὰρ ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐτεθνήκει καὶ αὐτοὶ διὰ τὴν ἀναρχίαν ἀτακτότερον καὶ θορυβωδέστερον ἐμάχοντο,
The sentence has a coordinated structure: ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐτεθνήκει is coordinated with αὐτοὶ ... ἐμάχοντο; τε ... καὶ ... frames the coordination, while γάρ is explanatory and postpositive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Πυθάρατός | Πυθάρατος | PROPN | neut? | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 στρατηγὸς | nsubj | medium | Proper name; accent/form may reflect inflectional or orthographic variation. |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 καὶ | cc | high | Correlative enclitic coordinating the two clauses. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | PART | _ | 6 ἐτεθνήκει | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 στρατηγὸς | det | high | |
| 5 | στρατηγὸς | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐτεθνήκει | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐτεθνήκει. |
| 6 | ἐτεθνήκει | θνῄσκω | VERB | V-LAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Act | 15 ἐμάχοντο | parataxis | high | Pluperfect, coordinated clause preceding the main finite verb. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἐμάχοντο | cc | high | Coordinates the two finite clauses. |
| 8 | αὐτοὶ | αὐτός | PRON | P-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 15 ἐμάχοντο | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject of ἐμάχοντο. |
| 9 | διὰ | διά | ADP | PREP | AdpType=Prep | 11 ἀναρχίαν | case | high | Takes the accusative phrase τὴν ἀναρχίαν. |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἀναρχίαν | det | high | |
| 11 | ἀναρχίαν | ἀναρχία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐμάχοντο | obl | high | Causal circumstantial phrase with διά. |
| 12 | ἀτακτότερον | ἄτακτος | ADV | ADV-COMP | Degree=Cmp | 15 ἐμάχοντο | advmod | high | Comparative adverb modifying ἐμάχοντο. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 θορυβωδέστερον | cc | high | Coordinates the two comparative adverbs. |
| 14 | θορυβωδέστερον | θορυβώδης | ADV | ADV-COMP | Degree=Cmp | 12 ἀτακτότερον | conj | high | Comparative adverb coordinated with ἀτακτότερον. |
| 15 | ἐμάχοντο | μάχομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐμάχοντο | punct | high |
οὐ μέντοι ἀθύμως εἶχον οὐδʼ οὗτοι.
οὐ ... εἶχον is the verbal predicate (‘were not dispirited’); οὐδʼ coordinates οὗτοι with an omitted parallel subject/context. The imperfect εἶχον is morphologically ambiguous between 1PL and 3PL; here 3PL agrees with οὗτοι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 εἶχον | advmod | high | Negates εἶχον. |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 4 εἶχον | advmod | high | Postpositive adversative/concessive particle. |
| 3 | ἀθύμως | ἄθυμος | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 4 εἶχον | xcomp | medium | Adverbial predicative complement with εἶχον, ‘in low spirits’; lexical derivation from ἄθυμος. |
| 4 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form can also be 1PL; construed here as 3PL with οὗτοι. |
| 5 | οὐδʼ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Neg | 6 οὗτοι | cc | high | Elided form of οὐδέ; coordinates the subject with prior context. |
| 6 | οὗτοι | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 4 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Demonstrative subject, ‘these men’; οὐδʼ contributes the coordination. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 εἶχον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
φεύγουσι δὲ οὔτε τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις ὁ Πολύδωρος οὔτε οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἠκολούθησαν·
The sentence contrasts two groups: Πολύδωρος did not flee with the Messenians, nor did the followers of Euphaes follow the Lacedaemonians; φεύγουσι is coordinated with the main predicate and shares the negated contrast.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φεύγουσι | φεύγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | advcl | medium | Present plural form; understood subject is the groups named in the coordinated clauses. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 φεύγουσι | cc | high | |
| 3 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 τοῖς | cc | high | First member of οὔτε ... οὔτε coordination. |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPD | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Μεσσηνίοις | det | high | |
| 5 | Μεσσηνίοις | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 Πολύδωρος | iobj | high | Dative with ἀκολουθέω, coordinated with Λακεδαιμονίοις. |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Πολύδωρος | det | high | |
| 7 | Πολύδωρος | Πολύδωρος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | nsubj | high | Subject of the first coordinated verb phrase, with φεύγουσι understood. |
| 8 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 οἱ | cc | high | Second member of οὔτε ... οὔτε coordination. |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Εὐφαῆ | det | high | Article substantivizes the prepositional phrase περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ. |
| 10 | περὶ | περί | ADP | P | _ | 12 Εὐφαῆ | case | high | Preposition governing accusative τὸν Εὐφαῆ. |
| 11 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Εὐφαῆ | det | high | |
| 12 | Εὐφαῆ | Εὐφαής | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | nsubj | medium | Head of the substantivized phrase οἱ περὶ τὸν Εὐφαῆ; the article is plural because the phrase denotes his followers. |
| 13 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 Λακεδαιμονίοις | det | high | |
| 14 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | iobj | high | Dative with ἠκολούθησαν. |
| 15 | ἠκολούθησαν | ἀκολουθέω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active finite verb; φεύγουσι is a coordinated/preceding participial-like finite predicate. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἠκολούθησαν | punct | high |
Εὐφαεῖ γὰρ καὶ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν αἱρετώτερα ἐφαίνετο ἀμύνειν τοῖς ἡττωμένοις---οὐ μέντοι Πολυδώρῳ γὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν συμμίσγουσιν, ἐν σκότῳ γὰρ ἤδη τὰ γινόμενα ἦν---
The first clause has an experiencer dative (Εὐφαεῖ), a subject-like dative phrase (τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν), and an infinitival complement of φαίνομαι; the second clause contrasts Πολυδώρῳ and his companions, with συμμίσγουσιν agreeing substantivally with τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν. The hyphen sequences are punctuation tokens retained as given.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Εὐφαεῖ | Εὐφαής | PROPN | N--DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐφαίνετο | iobj | medium | Personal name in dative; could be analyzed as an experiencer/ethical dative. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory conjunction. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 τοῖς | cc | high | |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA---DMN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 αἱρετώτερα | det | high | |
| 5 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 αὐτὸν | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτόν. |
| 6 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 4 τοῖς | nmod | high | Object of περί; the phrase τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν is substantival. |
| 7 | αἱρετώτερα | αἱρετός | ADJ | A--NSNC- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | medium | Neuter comparative predicate with an understood impersonal subject; alternatively treated as a clausal predicate. |
| 8 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνω | VERB | V3IIM-S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Middle φαίνομαι, ‘seemed/appeared’. |
| 9 | ἀμύνειν | ἀμύνω | VERB | V--PAN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 αἱρετώτερα | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive, ‘to defend/aid’. |
| 10 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA---DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἡττωμένοις | det | high | |
| 11 | ἡττωμένοις | ἡσσάομαι | VERB | V--PMPDM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 9 ἀμύνειν | iobj | medium | Substantival participle, ‘the defeated’; aspect and lexical parsing are somewhat uncertain. |
| 12 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | |
| 14 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | |
| 15 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 31 ἦν | advmod | high | Negates the understood verbal predicate in the parenthetical contrast. |
| 16 | μέντοι | μέντοι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 31 ἦν | discourse | high | Adversative discourse adverb. |
| 17 | Πολυδώρῳ | Πολύδωρος | PROPN | N--DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | iobj | high | Dative complement of συμμίσγουσιν. |
| 18 | γὲ | γε | PART | X-------- | Focus=Yes | 17 Πολυδώρῳ | advmod | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 19 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Neg | 20 τοῖς | cc | high | Coordinates the second dative phrase under negation. |
| 20 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA---DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 συμμίσγουσιν | obl | high | |
| 21 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 αὐτὸν | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτόν. |
| 22 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 20 τοῖς | nmod | high | Object of περί; τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν is substantival. |
| 23 | συμμίσγουσιν | συμμίγνυμι | VERB | V-PAP-DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 31 ἦν | advcl | medium | Substantival dative participle, ‘those associating/engaging’; syntactically coordinated with Πολυδώρῳ’s dative complement. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 σκότῳ | case | high | Preposition governing σκότῳ. |
| 26 | σκότῳ | σκότος | NOUN | N--DSN-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἦν | obl | high | Locative circumstance, ‘in darkness’. |
| 27 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 31 ἦν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory conjunction. |
| 28 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 31 ἦν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 29 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA---NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 γινόμενα | det | high | |
| 30 | γινόμενα | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PPPNPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 31 ἦν | nsubj | high | Substantival neuter plural participle, ‘the events/things occurring’. |
| 31 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3I—I-S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 8 ἐφαίνετο | parataxis | high | Impersonal/copular clause: ‘what was happening was already in darkness’; singular agrees with an implicit neuter singular situation or impersonal construction. |
| 32 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 34 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 ἦν | punct | high |