Grammar parses for passage 4.8.3
Open translation for this passage
τέχνῃ μὲν οὖν ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ὁμοῦ καὶ μελέτῃ πολὺ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προέσχον, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῷ πλήθει·
The sentence contrasts expertise and practice in warfare, then adds superiority in numbers; the final πρὸς τῷ πλήθει is compressed and is best treated as an oblique adjunct to προέσχον.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τέχνῃ | τέχνη | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | high | Dative of means/domain. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 13 προέσχον | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | Df | _ | 13 προέσχον | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 6 πολεμικὰ | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 πολεμικὰ | det | high | |
| 6 | πολεμικὰ | πολεμικός | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 τέχνῃ | nmod | high | Substantivized adjective, governed by ἐς. |
| 7 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | Df | _ | 9 μελέτῃ | advmod | high | Together/equally, coordinating the two domains. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 9 μελέτῃ | cc | high | Coordinates μελέτῃ with τέχνῃ. |
| 9 | μελέτῃ | μελέτη | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | high | Second dative of means/domain. |
| 10 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADV | A—NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | advmod | medium | Neuter adverbial accusative/quantifier meaning greatly. |
| 11 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 12 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | Npmp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 προέσχον | nsubj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 13 | προέσχον | προέχω | VERB | V—AAI—3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active, ‘excelled/surpassed’. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προέσχον | punct | high | |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R | _ | 19 πλήθει | case | medium | Likely governs dative τῷ πλήθει in the idiom ‘in addition in numbers’; construction is compressed. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Df | _ | 13 προέσχον | cc | high | Adversative/additive continuation. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 19 πλήθει | cc | medium | Additive particle with the following phrase. |
| 18 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 πλήθει | det | high | |
| 19 | πλήθει | πλῆθος | NOUN | N--DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | medium | Dative of respect/advantage, with πρὸς; elliptical continuation of προέσχον. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προέσχον | punct | high |
τούς τε γὰρ περιοίκους ὑπηκόους ἤδη καὶ συνακολουθοῦντας εἶχον Ἀσιναῖοί τε καὶ οἱ Δρύοπες γενεᾷ πρότερον ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ἀνεστηκότες καὶ ἥκοντες ἐς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα ἱκέται κατʼ ἀνάγκην συνεστρατεύοντο·
The finite verb εἶχον has coordinated subjects Ἀσιναῖοι and οἱ Δρύοπες; συνεστρατεύοντο is coordinated with εἶχον and shares the subjects. The participles ἀνεστηκότες and ἥκοντες modify the Dryopes; τούς ... περιοίκους ὑπηκόους ... συνακολουθοῦντας is the object-plus-predicative-participial construction with εἶχον. The phrase γενεᾷ πρότερον means ‘a generation earlier’; ἱκέται is predicative to the Dryopes in their coming to Lacedaemon.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούς | ὁ | DET | T-PA---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 περιοίκους | det | high | |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 9 εἶχον | cc | high | Correlative/coordinating τε. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 9 εἶχον | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | περιοίκους | περίοικος | NOUN | N-----MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 εἶχον | obj | high | |
| 5 | ὑπηκόους | ὑπήκοος | ADJ | A-----MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 περιοίκους | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with the object of εἶχον. |
| 6 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 συνακολουθοῦντας | advmod | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 8 συνακολουθοῦντας | cc | high | |
| 8 | συνακολουθοῦντας | συνακολουθέω | VERB | V-PAPNMA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 περιοίκους | acl | high | Accusative participle agreeing with περιοίκους. |
| 9 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-IAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | conj | high | First coordinated finite verb. |
| 10 | Ἀσιναῖοί | Ἀσιναῖος | PROPN | N---NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 εἶχον | nsubj | high | Subject of εἶχον and συνεστρατεύοντο. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | cc | high | Coordinates Ἀσιναῖοι with οἱ Δρύοπες. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 14 Δρύοπες | cc | high | |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T--NPM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 Δρύοπες | det | high | |
| 14 | Δρύοπες | Δρύοψ | PROPN | N---NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | conj | high | Coordinated subject; nominative plural of the ethnic name. |
| 15 | γενεᾷ | γενεά | NOUN | N-----FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 πρότερον | obl | medium | Dative of time elapsed: ‘a generation earlier’. |
| 16 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | A-S---NC- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | advmod | medium | Adverbial neuter comparative; scope is the prior expulsion/arrival sequence. |
| 17 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | case | high | |
| 18 | Ἀργείων | Ἀργεῖος | PROPN | N----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | obl:agent | high | Agent of ἀνεστηκότες. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | case | high | |
| 20 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T--GSF--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 σφετέρας | det | high | |
| 21 | σφετέρας | σφέτερος | PRON | A-GSF--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|Reflex=Yes | 19 ἐκ | obl | medium | Substantivized possessive pronoun, ‘their own [land]’; genitive dependent on ἐκ with ellipsis. |
| 22 | ἀνεστηκότες | ἀνίστημι | VERB | V-RAPNMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 14 Δρύοπες | acl | high | Participial modifier of οἱ Δρύοπες. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 24 ἥκοντες | cc | high | |
| 24 | ἥκοντες | ἥκω | VERB | V-PAPNMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | conj | high | Coordinated nominative participle, also modifying the Dryopes. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 27 Λακεδαίμονα | case | high | |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 Λακεδαίμονα | det | high | |
| 27 | Λακεδαίμονα | Λακεδαίμων | PROPN | N---ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἥκοντες | obl | high | Goal of ἥκοντες. |
| 28 | ἱκέται | ἱκέτης | NOUN | N---NMP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 ἥκοντες | xcomp | high | Predicative nominative: ‘coming as suppliants’. |
| 29 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 30 ἀνάγκην | case | high | With accusative ἀνάγκην. |
| 30 | ἀνάγκην | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | N-----FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἥκοντες | obl | high | Adverbial accusative phrase κατ’ ἀνάγκην. |
| 31 | συνεστρατεύοντο | συστρατεύω | VERB | V-IMI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second coordinated finite verb; subject is shared with εἶχον. |
| 32 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | punct | high |
πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ψιλοὺς τῶν Μεσσηνίων τοξότας Κρῆτας ἐπήγοντο μισθωτούς.
The construction means that they brought Cretan mercenaries against the Messenian light-armed troops/archers. τοὺς ψιλούς is substantivized and modified by the genitive τῶν Μεσσηνίων; τοξότας is an appositional accusative, while μισθωτούς agrees with Κρῆτας.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπήγοντο | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ἐπήγοντο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ψιλοὺς | det | high | |
| 4 | ψιλοὺς | ψιλός | ADJ | A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπήγοντο | obj | high | Substantivized adjective: light-armed troops. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Μεσσηνίων | case | high | |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | A- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ψιλοὺς | nmod | high | |
| 7 | τοξότας | τοξότης | NOUN | N-----A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ψιλοὺς | appos | high | Appositional accusative, ‘archers’; may alternatively be read as a closely linked second object description. |
| 8 | Κρῆτας | Κρής | PROPN | N-----A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπήγοντο | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐπήγοντο. |
| 9 | ἐπήγοντο | ἐπάγω | VERB | V3PIIM | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | μισθωτούς | μισθωτός | ADJ | A- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Κρῆτας | amod | high | Agrees with Κρῆτας: hired/mercenary Cretans. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπήγοντο | punct | high |