Grammar parses for passage 4.8.3
Open translation for this passage
τέχνῃ μὲν οὖν ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ὁμοῦ καὶ μελέτῃ πολὺ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προέσχον, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῷ πλήθει·
Two coordinated prepositional phrases with dative nouns are fronted for contrast; the finite verb is the main predicate, with μὲν/δὲ correlating the clauses and καὶ modifying each prepositional phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τέχνῃ | τέχνη | NOUN | N-SF-D | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | high | Dative of respect/instrument with ἐς phrase. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 13 προέσχον | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | G-------- | _ | 13 προέσχον | discourse | high | Inferential/continuative particle. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 προέσχον | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-AP-N--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 πολεμικὰ | det | high | Article modifying πολεμικά. |
| 6 | πολεμικὰ | πολεμικός | ADJ | A-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 ἐς | obl | high | Substantivized adjective in prepositional object. |
| 7 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 προέσχον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the verb or phrase. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 μελέτῃ | cc | high | Links the paired dative phrase. |
| 9 | μελέτῃ | μελέτη | NOUN | N-SF-D | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | high | Dative coordinated with τέχνῃ. |
| 10 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | A-SN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative of degree/intensity. |
| 11 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NM-P--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Article with proper noun used substantively. |
| 12 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-NM-P--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 προέσχον | nsubj | high | Subject of προέσχον. |
| 13 | προέσχον | προέχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προέσχον | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 πλήθει | case | high | Introduces second prepositional phrase. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 13 προέσχον | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 πλήθει | cc | high | Links the second prepositional phrase element. |
| 18 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-NS-D--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 πλήθει | det | high | Article with πλήθει. |
| 19 | πλήθει | πλῆθος | NOUN | N-NS-D | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προέσχον | obl | high | Dative complement in δεύτερος prepositional phrase. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 προέσχον | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
τούς τε γὰρ περιοίκους ὑπηκόους ἤδη καὶ συνακολουθοῦντας εἶχον Ἀσιναῖοί τε καὶ οἱ Δρύοπες γενεᾷ πρότερον ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ἀνεστηκότες καὶ ἥκοντες ἐς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα ἱκέται κατʼ ἀνάγκην συνεστρατεύοντο·
The syntax is layered: a main clause with συνεστρατεύοντο, preceded by a participial/background clause centered on εἶχον and a coordinated nominative subject with several participial modifiers.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούς | ὁ | DET | Pd-m-p- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 περιοίκους | det | high | Article with περιοίκους. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | Gf | _ | 1 τούς | discourse | medium | Enclitic connective, relation approximate. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | Gf | _ | 9 εἶχον | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | περιοίκους | περίοικος | ADJ | A-amp | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 εἶχον | obj | high | Object participial phrase anchor with εἶχον. |
| 5 | ὑπηκόους | ὑπήκοος | ADJ | A-amp | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 περιοίκους | amod | high | Predicate/attributive adjective modifying περιοίκους. |
| 6 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | Df | _ | 9 εἶχον | advmod | high | Modifies εἶχον / state of having. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 8 συνακολουθοῦντας | cc | high | Coordinator of participle. |
| 8 | συνακολουθοῦντας | συνακολουθέω | VERB | V-ppap-amp | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 περιοίκους | acl | high | Participial modifier parallel to ὑπηκόους. |
| 9 | εἶχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-iaa-3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | advcl | medium | Finite verb in relative/background clause, linked to συνεστρατεύοντο. |
| 10 | Ἀσιναῖοί | Ἀσιναῖος | PROPN | Ne-pmpn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of συνεστρατεύοντο. |
| 11 | τε | τε | PART | Gf | _ | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | discourse | medium | Enclitic connective. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 14 Δρύοπες | cc | high | Coordinates the subject. |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Pd-m-p- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 14 Δρύοπες | det | high | Article with Δρύοπες. |
| 14 | Δρύοπες | Δρύοψ | PROPN | Ne-pmpn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | conj | high | Conjunct subject with Ἀσιναῖοί. |
| 15 | γενεᾷ | γενεά | NOUN | N-sf-d- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | obl | medium | Dative of time/earlier generation. |
| 16 | πρότερον | πρότερον | ADV | Df | _ | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἀνεστηκότες. |
| 17 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-- | _ | 18 Ἀργείων | case | high | Introduces agent phrase. |
| 18 | Ἀργείων | Ἀργείος | PROPN | Ne-pgmn | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | obl | high | Agent with passive participle. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-- | _ | 21 σφετέρας | case | high | Introduces source phrase. |
| 20 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | Pd-fs-g- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 σφετέρας | det | high | Article with σφετέρας. |
| 21 | σφετέρας | σφέτερος | ADJ | A-sfsg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἀνεστηκότες | obl | high | Possessive adjective in prepositional phrase. |
| 22 | ἀνεστηκότες | ἀνίστημι | VERB | V-Rpapnmp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | acl | high | Participial modifier of subject. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 24 ἥκοντες | cc | high | Coordinates participles. |
| 24 | ἥκοντες | ἥκω | VERB | V-papnmp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 10 Ἀσιναῖοί | acl | high | Participial modifier of subject. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-- | _ | 27 Λακεδαίμονα | case | high | Preposition governing destination. |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Pd-fs-a- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 Λακεδαίμονα | det | high | Article with Λακεδαίμονα. |
| 27 | Λακεδαίμονα | Λακεδαίμων | PROPN | Ne-sf-a- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἥκοντες | obl | high | Goal of ἥκοντες. |
| 28 | ἱκέται | ἱκέτης | NOUN | N-pm-n- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | nsubj | medium | Predicative/appositional subject noun, likely to συνεστρατεύοντο. |
| 29 | κατʼ | κατά | ADP | R-- | _ | 30 ἀνάγκην | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 30 | ἀνάγκην | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | N-sf-a- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | obl | high | Manner/reason phrase with συνεστρατεύοντο. |
| 31 | συνεστρατεύοντο | συστρατεύομαι | VERB | V-iiim-3p | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main clause verb. |
| 32 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 συνεστρατεύοντο | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ψιλοὺς τῶν Μεσσηνίων τοξότας Κρῆτας ἐπήγοντο μισθωτούς.
Syntax is somewhat compressed: τοξότας is the main object of ἐπήγοντο, with ψιλοὺς and the genitive phrase τῶν Μεσσηνίων modifying it; Κρῆτας μισθωτούς likely appose or further qualify the same object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-- | _ | 7 τοξότας | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G-- | _ | 9 ἐπήγοντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 ψιλοὺς | det | high | Article modifying ψιλοὺς. |
| 4 | ψιλοὺς | ψιλός | ADJ | a-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 τοξότας | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying τοξότας. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---fg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article modifying Μεσσηνίων. |
| 6 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | a-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 τοξότας | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of τοξότας. |
| 7 | τοξότας | τοξότης | NOUN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπήγοντο | obj | high | Direct object of ἐπήγοντο. |
| 8 | Κρῆτας | Κρής | PROPN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 μισθωτούς | amod | low | Likely appositive/attributive to μισθωτούς; lemma inflected as ethnic noun. |
| 9 | ἐπήγοντο | ἐπάγω | VERB | v3paim--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb, imperfect middle indicative. |
| 10 | μισθωτούς | μισθωτός | ADJ | a-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 τοξότας | amod | medium | Likely adjective modifying τοξότας, with Κρῆτας as further apposition or attribute. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπήγοντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |