Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 4.8.4

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Passage 4.8.4

Open translation for this passage

3sentences parsed

71Greek tokens

2,415input tokens

4,877output tokens

Sentence 1

4.8.4 sentence 1

Tokens: 18
Input: 722
Output: 1,276
Total: 1,998

Μεσσηνίοις δὲ †ἐς ἅπαντα ἐς τὸ ἴσον ἥ τε ἀπόνοια καὶ τὸ ἐς τὸν θάνατον εὔθυμον·

The sentence is syntactically difficult because of the cruces and likely ellipsis; εὔθυμον is treated as the root predicate, with coordinated nominal phrases and prepositional complements depending on it.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Μεσσηνίοις	Μεσσήνιος	PROPN	N-p---nd-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	17 εὔθυμον	obl	medium	Likely dative of reference/recipient; proper-name ethnicon.
2	δὲ	δέ	PART	g--------	_	17 εὔθυμον	discourse	high	Postpositive connective.
3	†	†	PUNCT	_	_	17 εὔθυμον	punct	high	Textual cruces/marking uncertain passage.
4	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	6 ἐς	case	high	Introduces prepositional phrase.
5	ἅπαντα	ἅπας	ADJ	A-p---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	6 ἐς	obl	medium	Likely substantivized/neuter plural object of εἰς.
6	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	8 ἴσον	case	high	Case marker for ἴσον.
7	τὸ	ὁ	DET	L-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	8 ἴσον	det	high	Article with substantivized adjective.
8	ἴσον	ἴσος	ADJ	A-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	17 εὔθυμον	obl	high	Prepositional phrase dependent on predicate.
9	ἥ	ὁ	DET	L-s---fn-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	11 ἀπόνοια	det	high	Article with ἀπόνοια.
10	τε	τε	PART	g--------	_	11 ἀπόνοια	cc	high	Correlative enclitic.
11	ἀπόνοια	ἀπόνοια	NOUN	N-s---fn-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 εὔθυμον	nsubj	medium	Subject of εὔθυμον.
12	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	c--------	_	17 εὔθυμον	cc	high	Coordinator.
13	τὸ	ὁ	DET	L-s---na-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	17 εὔθυμον	det	medium	Likely article with the infinitival/prepositional phrase nominalized by ἐς τὸν θάνατον.
14	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	16 θάνατον	case	high	Case marker for θάνατον.
15	τὸν	ὁ	DET	L-s---ma-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	16 θάνατον	det	high	Article with θάνατον.
16	θάνατον	θάνατος	NOUN	N-s---ma-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	17 εὔθυμον	obl	high	Object of εἰς.
17	εὔθυμον	εὔθυμος	ADJ	A-s---na-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	0 ROOT	root	low	Likely predicative adjective with omitted/copular or understood noun; syntax is damaged by cruces.
18	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	17 εὔθυμον	punct	high	Sentence-final punctuation.

Sentence 2

4.8.4 sentence 2

Tokens: 29
Input: 869
Output: 1,960
Total: 2,829

καὶ ὁπόσα μὲν πάσχοιεν, ἀναγκαῖα μᾶλλον τοῖς πατρίδα σεμνύνουσιν ἢ δεινὰ ἐνόμιζον, ἃ δὲ ἔδρων, αὐτοί τε ἡγοῦντο εἰργάσθαι μειζόνως καὶ τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις συμβαίνειν χαλεπώτερα.

Two coordinated indirect-discourse clauses are governed by ἐνόμιζον; the second contains nested infinitival complements with comparative predication.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	21 ἡγοῦντο	cc	high
2	ὁπόσα	ὁπόσος	PRON	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	4 πάσχοιεν	obj	high	Correlative object of πάσχοιεν.
3	μὲν	μέν	PART	_	_	4 πάσχοιεν	discourse	high
4	πάσχοιεν	πάσχω	VERB	V-PAO-3P	Mood=Opt\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	13 ἐνόμιζον	csubj	medium	Optative in indirect discourse under ἐνόμιζον.
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	4 πάσχοιεν	punct	high
6	ἀναγκαῖα	ἀναγκαῖος	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	13 ἐνόμιζον	obj	medium	Predicative complement with ἢ ... δεινά, governed by ἐνόμιζον.
7	μᾶλλον	μᾶλλον	ADV	_	_	13 ἐνόμιζον	advmod	high
8	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	10 σεμνύνουσιν	det	high
9	πατρίδα	πατρίς	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 σεμνύνουσιν	obj	high
10	σεμνύνουσιν	σεμνύνω	VERB	V-PAP-DMP	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	8 τοῖς	acl	high	Participle functioning as substantival modifier of τοῖς.
11	ἢ	ἤ	CCONJ	_	_	12 δεινὰ	cc	high
12	δεινὰ	δεινός	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	6 ἀναγκαῖα	conj	high	Correlative alternative to ἀναγκαῖα.
13	ἐνόμιζον	νομίζω	VERB	V-IAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	13 ἐνόμιζον	punct	high
15	ἃ	ὅς	PRON	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	17 ἔδρων	obj	high
16	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	17 ἔδρων	discourse	high
17	ἔδρων	δράω	VERB	V-IAI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	21 ἡγοῦντο	ccomp	high	Indirect statement/content clause after ἡγοῦντο.
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	17 ἔδρων	punct	high
19	αὐτοί	αὐτός	PRON	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	21 ἡγοῦντο	nsubj	high
20	τε	τε	PART	_	_	19 αὐτοί	discourse	high
21	ἡγοῦντο	ἡγέομαι	VERB	V-IMI-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Mid	13 ἐνόμιζον	ccomp	high	Second complement of ἐνόμιζον in coordinated indirect discourse.
22	εἰργάσθαι	ἔργω	VERB	V-RMN	Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	21 ἡγοῦντο	xcomp	high	Perfect middle infinitive as complement of ἡγοῦντο.
23	μειζόνως	μειζόνως	ADV	_	_	22 εἰργάσθαι	advmod	high
24	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	27 συμβαίνειν	cc	high
25	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	26 Λακεδαιμονίοις	det	high
26	Λακεδαιμονίοις	Λακεδαιμόνιος	PROPN	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	27 συμβαίνειν	obl	high
27	συμβαίνειν	συμβαίνω	VERB	V-PAN	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	22 εἰργάσθαι	xcomp	high
28	χαλεπώτερα	χαλεπός	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	27 συμβαίνειν	obj	medium	Comparative predicative complement with συμβαίνειν.
29	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	13 ἐνόμιζον	punct	high

Sentence 3

4.8.4 sentence 3

Tokens: 24
Input: 824
Output: 1,641
Total: 2,465

καὶ οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν προεκπηδῶντες τῆς τάξεως τολμήματα λαμπρὰ ἀπεδείκνυντο, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐπικαίρως τετρωμένοις καὶ ἐμπνέουσιν ὀλίγον ὅμως ἡ ἀπόνοια ἤκμαζε.

The sentence has two main clauses joined by καί/δὲ; the second clause contains a dative-anchored participial frame with compressed coordination.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	10 ἀπεδείκνυντο	cc	high
2	οἱ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	5 προεκπηδῶντες	det	high
3	μὲν	μέν	PART	_	_	2 οἱ	discourse	high
4	αὐτῶν	αὐτός	PRON	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs	5 προεκπηδῶντες	nsubj	medium	Likely genitive dependent of the participle, though syntax is somewhat compressed.
5	προεκπηδῶντες	προεκπηδάω	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp\|Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	10 ἀπεδείκνυντο	advcl	high
6	τῆς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	7 τάξεως	det	high
7	τάξεως	τάξις	NOUN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	5 προεκπηδῶντες	obl	high
8	τολμήματα	τόλμημα	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	10 ἀπεδείκνυντο	obj	high
9	λαμπρὰ	λαμπρός	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 τολμήματα	amod	high
10	ἀπεδείκνυντο	ἀποδείκνυμι	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	10 ἀπεδείκνυντο	punct	high
12	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	23 ἤκμαζε	nsubj	medium	Could also be construed with the following participles as dative reference.
13	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	12 τοῖς	discourse	high
14	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	15 ἐπικαίρως	cc	high
15	ἐπικαίρως	ἐπικαίρως	ADV	_	_	16 τετρωμένοις	advmod	high
16	τετρωμένοις	τιτρώσκω	VERB	_	Aspect=Perf\|Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	23 ἤκμαζε	advcl	high
17	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	18 ἐμπνέουσιν	cc	high
18	ἐμπνέουσιν	ἐμπνέω	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	23 ἤκμαζε	advcl	medium	Finite verb in a coordinate subordinate predication; relation is approximate.
19	ὀλίγον	ὀλίγος	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	18 ἐμπνέουσιν	advmod	medium	Adverbial use of accusative of degree/extent.
20	ὅμως	ὅμως	ADV	_	_	23 ἤκμαζε	advmod	high
21	ἡ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	22 ἀπόνοια	det	high
22	ἀπόνοια	ἀπόνοια	NOUN	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	23 ἤκμαζε	nsubj	high
23	ἤκμαζε	ἀκμάζω	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	23 ἤκμαζε	punct	high

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