Grammar parses for passage 4.8.7
Open translation for this passage
ἴδια μὲν τοιαῦτα ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τῷ στρατεύματι ἔς τε τὰ ἔργα ἦν καὶ ἐς τὰς γνώμας τῶν μαχομένων, κοινὰ δὲ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων·
Elliptical correlative structure with μὲν ... δὲ; the second half lacks an overt verb and is attached to the main ἦν as a coordinated predicative phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἴδια | ἴδιος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἦν | nsubj | high | Predicative subject with ἦν. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 1 ἴδια | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 3 | τοιαῦτα | τοιοῦτος | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 ἴδια | amod | high | Modifies ἴδια. |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 7 στρατεύματι | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 5 | ἑκατέρῳ | ἑκάτερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 στρατεύματι | amod | high | Attributive to στρατεύματι. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 στρατεύματι | det | high | Article with στρατεύματι. |
| 7 | στρατεύματι | στράτευμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἦν | obl | high | Object of ἐν. |
| 8 | ἔς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 11 ἔργα | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 9 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 ἔς | discourse | medium | Enclitic coordinating particle. |
| 10 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 ἔργα | det | high | Article with ἔργα. |
| 11 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἦν | obl | high | Prepositional object of ἔς. |
| 12 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 ἐς | cc | high | Coordinates the second prepositional phrase. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 16 γνώμας | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 15 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 γνώμας | det | high | Article with γνώμας. |
| 16 | γνώμας | γνώμη | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 ἦν | obl | high | Prepositional object of ἐς. |
| 17 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 18 μαχομένων | det | high | Article with μαχομένων. |
| 18 | μαχομένων | μάχομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 16 γνώμας | nmod | high | Genitive participle modifying γνώμας. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἦν | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 20 | κοινὰ | κοινός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἦν | conj | medium | Second predicative adjective, coordinated with ἴδια. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 20 κοινὰ | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 22 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | _ | _ | 23 ἀμφοτέρων | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 23 | ἀμφοτέρων | ἀμφότερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 κοινὰ | obl | high | Object of ἀπό. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἦν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
οὔτε γὰρ ἱκεσίαις οἱ φονευόμενοι καὶ χρημάτων ὑποσχέσεσιν ἐχρῶντο, τάχα μέν που μὴ πείσειν διὰ τὸ ἔχθος ἀπεγνωκότες, τὸ δὲ πλεῖστον ἀπαξιοῦντες ὡς οὐ τὰ πρότερά γε κακιοῦσιν·
Main clause centers on ἐχρῶντο with two dative complements; the final ὡς-clause is interpreted as an indirect-content/comparative clause attached to ἀπαξιοῦντες, with some uncertainty about the exact force of κακιοῦσιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἐχρῶντο | cc | high | Correlative coordinating conjunction introducing a negated alternative. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἐχρῶντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | ἱκεσίαις | ἱκεσία | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Dative plural instrumental/comitative. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 φονευόμενοι | det | high | Article with participle. |
| 5 | φονευόμενοι | φονεύω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 9 ἐχρῶντο | nsubj | high | Substantival participle, subject of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ὑποσχέσεσιν | cc | high | Connects the two datival objects. |
| 7 | χρημάτων | χρῆμα | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ὑποσχέσεσιν | nmod | high | Genitive modifying ὑποσχέσεσιν. |
| 8 | ὑποσχέσεσιν | ὑπόσχεσις | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ἐχρῶντο | obl | high | Second dative object/complement of ἐχρῶντο. |
| 9 | ἐχρῶντο | χράομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 11 | τάχα | τάχα | ADV | _ | _ | 15 πείσειν | advmod | medium | Adverb modifying the infinitive clause. |
| 12 | μέν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 15 πείσειν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 13 | που | που | PART | _ | _ | 15 πείσειν | discourse | medium | Enclitic particle, approximative. |
| 14 | μὴ | μή | PART | _ | _ | 15 πείσειν | advmod | high | Negates the infinitive. |
| 15 | πείσειν | πείθω | VERB | _ | Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 19 ἀπεγνωκότες | xcomp | high | Complement of ἀπεγνωκότες. |
| 16 | διὰ | διά | ADP | _ | _ | 18 ἔχθος | case | high | With accusative. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἔχθος | det | high | Article with ἔχθος. |
| 18 | ἔχθος | ἔχθος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ἀπεγνωκότες | obl | high | Object of διὰ. |
| 19 | ἀπεγνωκότες | ἀπογιγνώσκω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 19 ἀπεγνωκότες | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 ἀπαξιοῦντες | det | high | Article with participle used substantively/adverbially. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 24 ἀπαξιοῦντες | discourse | high | Mild adversative/discourse particle. |
| 23 | πλεῖστον | πολύς | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 ἀπαξιοῦντες | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative of extent; treated as modifying participle. |
| 24 | ἀπαξιοῦντες | ἀπαξιόω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 ἐχρῶντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle coordinating with ἀπεγνωκότες. |
| 25 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 30 κακιοῦσιν | mark | high | Subordinating conjunction introducing reported comparison/content. |
| 26 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 30 κακιοῦσιν | advmod | high | Negates κακιοῦσιν. |
| 27 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 πρότερά | det | high | Article with πρότερά. |
| 28 | πρότερά | πρότερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 κακιοῦσιν | obj | high | Object/complement with implied comparison. |
| 29 | γε | γε | PART | _ | _ | 28 πρότερά | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 30 | κακιοῦσιν | κακόω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|Voice=Act | 24 ἀπαξιοῦντες | ccomp | medium | Likely future indicative in indirect discourse after ὡς. |
| 31 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐχρῶντο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
παραδοξότατα δὲ ἀπέθνησκον οἱ τῶν κειμένων σκυλεύειν τινὰ ἐπιχειροῦντες· ἢ γὰρ τοῦ σώματος γυμνόν τι ὑποφήναντες ἠκοντίζοντο καὶ ἐτύπτοντο οὐ προορώμενοι διὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀσχολίαν, ἢ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν σκυλευομένων ἔτι ἐμπνεόντων διεφθείροντο.
The syntax is a main clause with a participial subject phrase, followed by two correlative alternative clauses (ἢ ... ἢ ...), each with participial modifiers and embedded prepositional phrases.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | παραδοξότατα | παραδόξως | ADV | D--------S | _ | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | advmod | high | Superlative adverb used adverbially. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ἀπέθνησκον | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπιχειροῦντες | det | high | Article functioning substantively with participle. |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-P---GN- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 κειμένων | det | high | Article introducing participial genitive phrase. |
| 6 | κειμένων | κεῖμαι | VERB | V-PMP-GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 5 τῶν | amod | high | Participle modifying τῶν; genitive attributive phrase. |
| 7 | σκυλεύειν | σκυλεύω | VERB | V-PAN | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 9 ἐπιχειροῦντες | xcomp | high | Complement of ἐπιχειροῦντες. |
| 8 | τινὰ | τις | PRON | P-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 7 σκυλεύειν | obj | high | Indefinite direct object of σκυλεύειν. |
| 9 | ἐπιχειροῦντες | ἐπιχειρέω | VERB | V-PAP-NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 οἱ | acl | high | Participial modifier of οἱ. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | punct | high | Middle colon punctuation. |
| 11 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | cc | high | Correlative conjunction introducing first alternative. |
| 12 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-S---GN- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 σώματος | det | high | Article with σώματος. |
| 14 | σώματος | σῶμα | NOUN | N-S---GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 γυμνόν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of γυμνόν. |
| 15 | γυμνόν | γυμνός | ADJ | A-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 τι | amod | high | Attributive modifier of τι. |
| 16 | τι | τις | PRON | P-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 17 ὑποφήναντες | obj | high | Indefinite pronoun, object/predicate complement in participial clause. |
| 17 | ὑποφήναντες | ὑποφαίνω | VERB | V-PAP-NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | advcl | high | Aorist participle modifying ἠκοντίζοντο/ἐτύπτοντο. |
| 18 | ἠκοντίζοντο | ἀκοντίζω | VERB | V-IIE-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | conj | high | First verb in the first alternative clause. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 ἐτύπτοντο | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 20 | ἐτύπτοντο | τύπτω | VERB | V-IIE-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | conj | high | Coordinated with ἠκοντίζοντο. |
| 21 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 22 προορώμενοι | advmod | high | Negation of participle. |
| 22 | προορώμενοι | προοράω | VERB | V-PPP-NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | advcl | high | Participial clause modifying the first alternative verbs. |
| 23 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | Case=Acc | 28 ἀσχολίαν | case | high | Preposition governing ἀσχολίαν. |
| 24 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 ἀσχολίαν | det | high | Article with ἀσχολίαν. |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | Case=Dat | 28 ἀσχολίαν | case | high | Preposition governing τῷ παρόντι. |
| 26 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 παρόντι | det | high | Article with παρόντι. |
| 27 | παρόντι | πάρειμι | VERB | V-PAP-ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 28 ἀσχολίαν | amod | high | Substantival participle modifying ἀσχολίαν in the prepositional phrase. |
| 28 | ἀσχολίαν | ἀσχολία | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 προορώμενοι | obl | high | Object of διὰ. |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἠκοντίζοντο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 30 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 37 διεφθείροντο | cc | high | Correlative conjunction introducing second alternative. |
| 31 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 32 ὑπὸ | cc | high | Additive conjunction with preposition. |
| 32 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | Case=Gen | 37 διεφθείροντο | case | high | Preposition governing genitive phrase. |
| 33 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | L-P---GN- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 34 σκυλευομένων | det | high | Article with σκυλευομένων. |
| 34 | σκυλευομένων | σκυλεύω | VERB | V-PPM-GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 32 ὑπὸ | obl | high | Participle heading a genitive agent phrase with ὑπό. |
| 35 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 36 ἐμπνεόντων | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐμπνεόντων. |
| 36 | ἐμπνεόντων | ἐμπνέω | VERB | V-PAP-GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 34 σκυλευομένων | acl | high | Genitive participle modifying σκυλευομένων. |
| 37 | διεφθείροντο | διαφθείρω | VERB | V-IIE-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | conj | high | Second alternative main verb coordinated with ἀπέθνησκον. |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀπέθνησκον | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |