Grammar parses for passage 5.12.1
Open translation for this passage
ὅσοι δὲ ἀνθρώπων τὰ διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐλέφασιν ἐξίσχοντα ὀδόντας τῶν θηρίων εἶναι καὶ οὐ κέρατα ἥγηνται, τούτοις ἔστιν ἀπιδεῖν μὲν ἐς τὰς ἄλκας, τὸ ἐν Κελτικῇ θηρίον, ἀπιδεῖν δὲ ἐς τοὺς Αἰθιοπικοὺς ταύρους·
The opening relative clause has a difficult lexical form ἐλέφασιν and a coordinated infinitival/object construction under ἥγηνται; the following ἔστιν clause presents two coordinated infinitives, with τὸ ἐν Κελτικῇ θηρίον appositional to ἄλκας.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | A-——MP-N | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 ἥγηνται | nsubj | high | Relative quantifier, subject of ἥγηνται. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | ——— | _ | 20 ἥγηνται | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N———GP— | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ὅσοι | nmod | medium | Partitive genitive with ὅσοι. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-——NA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἐξίσχοντα | obj | high | |
| 5 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-———GA— | _ | 7 στόματος | case | high | With genitive. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-——GS— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 στόματος | det | high | |
| 7 | στόματος | στόμα | NOUN | N———GS— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ἐξίσχοντα | obl | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-———AA— | _ | 10 ἐκτὸς | case | high | With accusative. |
| 9 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-——NA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 ἐκτὸς | det | high | |
| 10 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | ADV | D——— | _ | 12 ἐξίσχοντα | advmod | high | Adverbial 'outside'. |
| 11 | ἐλέφασιν | ἐλεφαίνω | VERB | V-———PAP— | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 ἐξίσχοντα | advcl | low | Form is textually/lexically difficult; construed as a participle modifying implied persons or teeth, with elephant-like protrusion sense. |
| 12 | ἐξίσχοντα | ἐξέχω | VERB | V-———PAP— | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ὀδόντας | acl | medium | Participial modifier of ὀδόντας. |
| 13 | ὀδόντας | ὀδούς | NOUN | N———MA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 εἶναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of infinitive εἶναι. |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-——GP— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 θηρίων | det | high | |
| 15 | θηρίων | θηρίον | NOUN | N———GP— | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 ὀδόντας | nmod | high | Genitive of possession/type. |
| 16 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-———PAN— | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 ἥγηνται | ccomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἥγηνται. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | ——— | _ | 20 ἥγηνται | cc | high | |
| 18 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D——— | _ | 20 ἥγηνται | advmod | high | Negates the following predicate. |
| 19 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N———NA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἥγηνται | obj | medium | Accusative object/predicate complement in the coordinated infinitival construction; exact attachment is uncertain. |
| 20 | ἥγηνται | ἡγέομαι | VERB | V-———MP— | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Perfect middle, 'have supposed/considered'; governs εἶναι and coordinated negated predicate. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἥγηνται | punct | high | |
| 22 | τούτοις | οὗτος | PRON | A-——MD— | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἔστιν | iobj | high | Dative of reference with ἔστιν. |
| 23 | ἔστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-———PI— | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 ἥγηνται | parataxis | medium | Existential/presentational clause after the relative clause. |
| 24 | ἀπιδεῖν | ἀφοράω | VERB | V-———AAN— | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 23 ἔστιν | csubj | high | Infinitival subject of impersonal ἔστιν. |
| 25 | μὲν | μέν | PART | ——— | _ | 24 ἀπιδεῖν | advmod | high | Correlative particle with δέ. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-———AA— | _ | 28 ἄλκας | case | high | With accusative. |
| 27 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-———AF— | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 28 ἄλκας | det | high | |
| 28 | ἄλκας | ἄλκη | NOUN | N———AF— | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἀπιδεῖν | obl | high | |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἀπιδεῖν | punct | high | |
| 30 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-——NN— | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 33 θηρίον | det | high | Article introducing apposition. |
| 31 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-———DL— | _ | 32 Κελτικῇ | case | high | With dative. |
| 32 | Κελτικῇ | Κελτική | PROPN | Ne———DL— | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 θηρίον | nmod | high | Dative complement of ἐν. |
| 33 | θηρίον | θηρίον | NOUN | N———NN— | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ἄλκας | appos | high | Apposition identifying ἄλκας. |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 35 ἀπιδεῖν | punct | high | |
| 35 | ἀπιδεῖν | ἀφοράω | VERB | V-———AAN— | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 23 ἔστιν | conj | high | Second coordinated infinitive under ἔστιν. |
| 36 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | ——— | _ | 35 ἀπιδεῖν | cc | high | Correlative counterpart to μὲν. |
| 37 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-———AA— | _ | 40 ταύρους | case | high | With accusative. |
| 38 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-———MA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 40 ταύρους | det | high | |
| 39 | Αἰθιοπικοὺς | Αἰθιοπικός | ADJ | A-———MA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 40 ταύρους | amod | high | |
| 40 | ταύρους | ταῦρος | NOUN | N———MA— | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 ἀπιδεῖν | obl | high | |
| 41 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἥγηνται | punct | high |
ἄλκαι μὲν γὰρ κέρατα ἐπὶ ταῖς ὀφρύσιν ἔχουσιν οἱ ἄρρενες, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ οὐ φύει τὸ παράπαν·
Two coordinated clauses: ἄλκαι is the first-clause subject, with οἱ ἄρρενες as the second subject; τὸ θῆλυ is neuter singular subject of φύει, and τὸ παράπαν is an adverbial accusative meaning ‘at all’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἄλκαι | ἄλκη | NOUN | N--PFN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἔχουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 8 ἔχουσιν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, anticipating δέ. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 8 ἔχουσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N--PAN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἔχουσιν | obj | high | |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | AdpType=Prep | 7 ὀφρύσιν | case | high | With dative, ‘on/upon’. |
| 6 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | R--PDF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 ὀφρύσιν | det | high | |
| 7 | ὀφρύσιν | ὀφρύς | NOUN | N--PDF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 κέρατα | obl | high | |
| 8 | ἔχουσιν | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | R--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἄρρενες | det | high | |
| 10 | ἄρρενες | ἄρρην | NOUN | N--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἔχουσιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective/noun, ‘males’. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔχουσιν | punct | high | |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | R--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 θῆλυ | det | high | |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 φύει | cc:preconj | high | Coordinates the contrasting second clause. |
| 14 | θῆλυ | θῆλυς | NOUN | A--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 φύει | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, ‘the female’. |
| 15 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | Polarity=Neg | 16 φύει | advmod | high | |
| 16 | φύει | φύω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 ἔχουσιν | conj | high | Coordinated with ἔχουσιν; δέ supplies contrast. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | R--ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 παράπαν | det | high | Article in an adverbial accusative phrase. |
| 18 | παράπαν | παράπαν | ADV | _ | _ | 16 φύει | advmod | high | With article, adverbial accusative phrase ‘at all’. |
| 19 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔχουσιν | punct | high |
οἱ δὲ Αἰθιοπικοὶ ταῦροι τὰ κέρατα φύουσιν ἐπὶ τῇ ῥινί.
Simple subject–verb clause: οἱ Αἰθιοπικοὶ ταῦροι is the subject; τὰ κέρατα is the accusative object of φύουσιν, with ἐπί + dative indicating the location on the nose. The adjective Αἰθιοπικοί is substantivized/attributive with ταῦροι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T----MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ταῦροι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 φύουσιν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Αἰθιοπικοὶ | Αἰθιοπικός | ADJ | A-----MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ταῦροι | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying ταῦροι. |
| 4 | ταῦροι | ταῦρος | NOUN | N-----MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 φύουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 κέρατα | det | high | |
| 6 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N-----NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 φύουσιν | obj | high | |
| 7 | φύουσιν | φύω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 ῥινί | case | high | Takes the dative here. |
| 9 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T----FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ῥινί | det | high | |
| 10 | ῥινί | ῥίς | NOUN | N-----FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 φύουσιν | obl | high | Locative oblique complement of ἐπί. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 φύουσιν | punct | high |
τίς ἂν οὖν ποιήσαιτο ἔτι ἐν μεγάλῳ θαύματι διὰ στόματος ζῴῳ κέρατα ἐκφῦναι;
Interrogative potential optative: τίς ἂν ποιήσαιτο ἔτι ... κέρατα ἐκφῦναι; The infinitive ἐκφῦναι is the complement of ποιήσαιτο, with κέρατα as its accusative subject; διὰ στόματος ζῴῳ is an elliptical/semantically difficult prepositional phrase, probably describing horns sprouting through an animal's mouth.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τίς | τίς | PRON | ἔς-τις | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ποιήσαιτο | nsubj | high | Interrogative pronoun, subject of ποιήσαιτο. |
| 2 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | X | _ | 4 ποιήσαιτο | aux | high | Modal particle governing the potential optative. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | CCONJ | X | _ | 4 ποιήσαιτο | cc | high | Inferential conjunction. |
| 4 | ποιήσαιτο | ποιέω | VERB | VAOM3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Potential aorist middle optative, ‘would make/consider’. |
| 5 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D | _ | 4 ποιήσαιτο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the predicate. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 8 θαύματι | case | high | Preposition governing μεγάλῳ θαύματι. |
| 7 | μεγάλῳ | μέγας | ADJ | A-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 θαύματι | amod | high | Adjective agreeing with θαύματι. |
| 8 | θαύματι | θαῦμα | NOUN | N-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ποιήσαιτο | obl | medium | Dative object of ἐν; phrase means ‘as a great wonder’ or ‘in great astonishment’. |
| 9 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R | _ | 10 στόματος | case | high | Preposition governing στόματος. |
| 10 | στόματος | στόμα | NOUN | N-S---NG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐκφῦναι | obl | medium | Genitive after διά; relation to ἐκφῦναι is semantically elliptical. |
| 11 | ζῴῳ | ζῷον | NOUN | N-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 στόματος | nmod | low | Dative form is syntactically difficult; likely an instrumental/locative adjunct or textually elliptical animal reference. |
| 12 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 ἐκφῦναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 13 | ἐκφῦναι | ἐκφύω | VERB | V--ANA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 ποιήσαιτο | xcomp | high | Aorist active infinitive, complement of ποιήσαιτο. |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ποιήσαιτο | punct | high | Question punctuation. |