Grammar parses for passage 5.12.2
Open translation for this passage
πάρεστι δὲ ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι καὶ τοῖσδε ἔτι· κέρατα γὰρ κατὰ ἐτῶν περίοδον ἀπογίνεται καὶ αὖθις ἐκβλαστάνει ζῴοις, καὶ τοῦτο ἔλαφοί τε καὶ δορκάδες, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐλέφαντες πεπόνθασιν.
The explanatory γάρ-clause is linked paratactically to πάρεστι; κέρατα is neuter plural with singular predicates, and τοῦτο is a resumptive object before the coordinated subject phrases.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πάρεστι | πάρειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 πάρεστι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι | ἀναδιδάσκω | VERB | V-PMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 1 πάρεστι | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of πάρεστι. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι | cc | high | |
| 5 | τοῖσδε | ὅδε | PRON | D-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι | obl | medium | Dative with the infinitive, ‘for/to these also’; exact semantic role is somewhat context-dependent. |
| 6 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 3 ἀναδιδάσκεσθαι | advmod | high | |
| 7 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 πάρεστι | punct | high | |
| 8 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 ἀπογίνεται | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject of ἀπογίνεται and ἐκβλαστάνει. |
| 9 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ἀπογίνεται | cc | high | |
| 10 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 περίοδον | case | high | |
| 11 | ἐτῶν | ἔτος | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 κατὰ | obl | high | |
| 12 | περίοδον | περίοδος | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπογίνεται | obl | high | Accusative of extent/time with κατά. |
| 13 | ἀπογίνεται | ἀπογίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 1 πάρεστι | parataxis | medium | Predicate of the explanatory clause; neuter plural subject has a formally singular verb. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 ἐκβλαστάνει | cc | high | |
| 15 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | ADV | _ | 16 ἐκβλαστάνει | advmod | high | |
| 16 | ἐκβλαστάνει | ἐκβλαστάνω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ἀπογίνεται | conj | high | Conjoined predicate sharing κέρατα. |
| 17 | ζῴοις | ζῷον | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ἐκβλαστάνει | obl | high | Dative of possession/affected entities. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἐκβλαστάνει | punct | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἔλαφοί | cc | high | |
| 20 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | D-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 21 ἔλαφοί | obj | medium | Resumptive ‘this’; likely object of the following verb in the sense ‘have undergone this’. |
| 21 | ἔλαφοί | ἔλαφος | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 31 πεπόνθασιν | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἔλαφοί | cc | high | |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 δορκάδες | cc | high | |
| 24 | δορκάδες | δορκάς | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 ἔλαφοί | conj | high | |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἔλαφοί | punct | high | |
| 26 | ὡσαύτως | ὡσαύτως | ADV | ADV | _ | 31 πεπόνθασιν | advmod | high | |
| 27 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 πεπόνθασιν | cc | high | |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 30 ἐλέφαντες | cc | high | |
| 29 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 30 ἐλέφαντες | det | high | |
| 30 | ἐλέφαντες | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 πεπόνθασιν | nsubj | high | |
| 31 | πεπόνθασιν | πάσχω | VERB | V-RAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 1 πάρεστι | parataxis | high | Concluding coordinated assertion; τοῦτο is its preceding resumptive object. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 31 πεπόνθασιν | punct | high |
οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ εἴκειν πυρὶ ἔχουσιν ὀδόντες φύσιν· κέρατα δὲ καὶ βοῶν καὶ ἐλεφάντων ἐς ὁμαλές τε ἐκ περιφεροῦς καὶ ἐς ἄλλα ὑπὸ πυρὸς ἄγεται σχήματα.
The sentence contrasts teeth that do not yield to fire with horns, which fire brings into smooth and other forms; the infinitival first clause and the singular passive with neuter plural κέρατα are somewhat elliptical/irregular.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 εἴκειν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | μὴν | μήν | PART | D-------- | _ | 4 εἴκειν | discourse | high | |
| 3 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | C-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 εἴκειν | cc | high | |
| 4 | εἴκειν | εἴκω | VERB | V--PAN---- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Infinitive in a coordinated negative assertion; exact governing construction is elliptical. |
| 5 | πυρὶ | πῦρ | NOUN | N-S---ND- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 εἴκειν | iobj | medium | Dative with εἴκειν, 'yield to fire'. |
| 6 | ἔχουσιν | ἔχω | VERB | V-PPAN---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 7 ὀδόντες | acl | medium | Form is dative plural masculine present active participle, agreeing substantivally with an implicit/understood subject; syntactic attachment is uncertain. |
| 7 | ὀδόντες | ὀδούς | NOUN | N-N---NM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 εἴκειν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | φύσιν | φύσις | NOUN | N-A---AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἔχουσιν | obj | medium | Accusative object of ἔχουσιν; phrase likely means 'having a nature'. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 εἴκειν | punct | high | |
| 10 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N-N---NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ἄγεται | nsubj | high | |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 26 ἄγεται | cc | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 βοῶν | cc | high | |
| 13 | βοῶν | βοῦς | NOUN | N-G---GM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 κέρατα | nmod | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 ἐλεφάντων | cc | high | |
| 15 | ἐλεφάντων | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-G---GM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 κέρατα | nmod | high | |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 ὁμαλές | case | high | |
| 17 | ὁμαλές | ὁμαλής | ADJ | A-A----NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ἄγεται | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter plural accusative, 'smooth/even [forms or surfaces]'. |
| 18 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 ὁμαλές | cc | high | |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 περιφεροῦς | case | high | |
| 20 | περιφεροῦς | περιφερής | ADJ | A-G----GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ὁμαλές | obl | medium | Genitive after ἐκ; substantivized or modifying an elided singular neuter noun. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 22 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 23 ἄλλα | case | high | |
| 23 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-A----NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ἄγεται | obl | high | Substantivized neuter plural accusative, coordinated with ὁμαλές. |
| 24 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 25 πυρὸς | case | high | |
| 25 | πυρὸς | πῦρ | NOUN | N-G---GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 ἄγεται | obl | high | Agent/cause phrase with ὑπό. |
| 26 | ἄγεται | ἄγω | VERB | V-PPM-3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 4 εἴκειν | conj | high | Passive predicate, 'is brought/formed'; singular despite neuter plural subject may reflect collective sense or textual/syntactic irregularity. |
| 27 | σχήματα | σχῆμα | NOUN | N-A---NN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 26 ἄγεται | obl | medium | Accusative of result/destination with ἄγεται, 'into forms'. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 26 ἄγεται | punct | high |
ποταμίοις γε μὴν ἵπποις καὶ ὑσὶν ἡ κάτωθεν γένυς τοὺς χαυλιόδοντας φέρει, κέρατα δὲ ἀναφυόμενα οὐχ ὁρῶμεν ἐκ γενύων·
First clause: ποταμίοις ... ἵπποις καὶ ὑσὶν is a dative comparison/group, with ἡ κάτωθεν γένυς as subject and τοὺς χαυλιόδοντας as object of φέρει. Second clause has κέρατα as object of ὁρῶμεν, with ἀναφυόμενα as its participial modifier; ἐκ γενύων is a source phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ποταμίοις | ποτάμιος | ADJ | A--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἵπποις | amod | high | |
| 2 | γε | γε | PART | 粒 | _ | 4 ἵπποις | discourse | high | |
| 3 | μὴν | μήν | PART | 粒 | _ | 12 φέρει | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ἵπποις | ἵππος | NOUN | N--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 φέρει | obl | high | Dative comparison/grouping phrase. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 6 ὑσὶν | cc | high | |
| 6 | ὑσὶν | ὗς | NOUN | N--DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἵπποις | conj | high | |
| 7 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S--NFN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 γένυς | det | high | |
| 8 | κάτωθεν | κάτωθεν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 γένυς | advmod | high | |
| 9 | γένυς | γένυς | NOUN | N--NFN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 φέρει | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S--AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 χαυλιόδοντας | det | high | |
| 11 | χαυλιόδοντας | χαυλιόδους | NOUN | N--AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 φέρει | obj | high | |
| 12 | φέρει | φέρω | VERB | V-PIA-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 φέρει | punct | high | |
| 14 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | N--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ὁρῶμεν | obj | medium | Neuter plural form; syntactically object of ὁρῶμεν despite nominative-looking morphology. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 18 ὁρῶμεν | cc | high | |
| 16 | ἀναφυόμενα | ἀναφύω | VERB | V-PPN-NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 14 κέρατα | acl | medium | Present passive participle; agrees with κέρατα, though the object relation makes the agreement syntactically unusual. |
| 17 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | T-------- | Polarity=Neg | 18 ὁρῶμεν | advmod | high | |
| 18 | ὁρῶμεν | ὁράω | VERB | V-PIA-1P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 12 φέρει | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; subject is implicit 1st-person plural. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 γενύων | case | high | |
| 20 | γενύων | γένυς | NOUN | N--GFP | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 ὁρῶμεν | obl | high | |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ὁρῶμεν | punct | high |