Grammar parses for passage 5.12.3
Open translation for this passage
ἐλέφαντι οὖν τὰ κέρατα ἴστω τις διὰ κροτάφων κατερχόμενα ἄνωθεν καὶ οὕτως ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐπιστρέφοντα.
ἴστω is an imperative of οἶδα (‘let one know/consider’); τὰ κέρατα is its accusative subject with participles κατερχόμενα and ἐπιστρέφοντα. ἐλέφαντι is an instrumental/dative of comparison or manner, ‘in the elephant’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντι | ἐλέφας | NOUN | Nb-sd | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 κατερχόμενα | obl | medium | Dative of comparison or manner: ‘in/as regards an elephant’; exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 5 ἴστω | advmod | high | |
| 3 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | P---na-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 κέρατα | det | high | |
| 4 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | Nb-pn | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἴστω | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the impersonal/third-person imperative ἴστω. |
| 5 | ἴστω | οἶδα | VERB | V3spma--- | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Third-person singular imperative, ‘let one know/consider’. |
| 6 | τις | τις | PRON | P---mn-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἴστω | nsubj | high | Indefinite nominative subject of ἴστω. |
| 7 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 κροτάφων | case | high | |
| 8 | κροτάφων | κρόταφος | NOUN | Nb-pg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 κατερχόμενα | obl | high | Genitive governed by διά, ‘through/across the temples’. |
| 9 | κατερχόμενα | κατέρχομαι | VERB | V--pnpna- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 κέρατα | acl | high | Present middle participle agreeing with τὰ κέρατα. |
| 10 | ἄνωθεν | ἄνωθεν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 κατερχόμενα | advmod | high | Source/directional adverb, ‘from above’. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | cc | high | |
| 12 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | advmod | high | ‘In this way’; modifies ἐπιστρέφοντα. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 ἐκτὸς | case | high | |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P---na-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκτὸς | det | high | |
| 15 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | NOUN | A----na-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter adjective/adverbial noun, ‘the outside’; treated as the object of εἰς. |
| 16 | ἐπιστρέφοντα | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V--pnpna- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 κέρατα | conj | high | Coordinated present active participle agreeing with τὰ κέρατα. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἴστω | punct | high |
τοῦτο οὐκ ἀκοὴν γράφω, θεασάμενος δὲ ἐλέφαντος ἐν γῇ τῇ Καμπανῶν κρανίον ἐν Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερῷ·
The participle θεασάμενος is a nominative masculine singular circumstantial participle with an understood first-person subject, coordinated by δέ; ἐλέφαντος modifies κρανίον as a genitive of possession/material, while τῇ Καμπανῶν γῇ is the location within which it was seen. Ἀρτέμιδος is a dependent genitive with ἱερῷ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 γράφω | obj | high | |
| 2 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 γράφω | advmod | high | |
| 3 | ἀκοὴν | ἀκοή | NOUN | N-AF-S-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γράφω | obj | high | Predicate/content object: 'I do not write this as hearsay'; semantic relation is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 4 | γράφω | γράφω | VERB | V-PAI-1S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high | |
| 6 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V-AMP-NMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 4 γράφω | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle sharing the first-person subject of γράφω. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 θεασάμενος | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἐλέφαντος | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-GM-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on κρανίον, likely specifying the elephant whose skull it was. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 γῇ | case | high | |
| 10 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | N-DF-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 θεασάμενος | obl | high | Location of θεασάμενος. |
| 11 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-DF-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 γῇ | det | high | |
| 12 | Καμπανῶν | Καμπανός | PROPN | A-GF-P-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 γῇ | nmod | medium | Genitive plural ethnic/place designation modifying γῇ; form and agreement are orthographically ambiguous. |
| 13 | κρανίον | κρανίον | NOUN | N-AS-S-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 θεασάμενος | obj | high | |
| 14 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 ἱερῷ | case | high | |
| 15 | Ἀρτέμιδος | Ἄρτεμις | PROPN | N-GF-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἱερῷ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἱερῷ: sanctuary of Artemis. |
| 16 | ἱερῷ | ἱερός | NOUN | N-DS-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | obl | high | Location of the skull; substantivized/neuter noun meaning sanctuary. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high |
σταδίους δὲ ὡς τριάκοντα ἀπέχει μάλιστα Καπύης τὸ ἱερόν, αὕτη δὲ ἡ μητρόπολίς ἐστιν ἡ Καπύη τῶν Καμπανῶν.
The sentence contains a distance clause followed by a comma-linked copular clause; the second clause is treated as a coordinated root because no overt conjunction joins it to the first.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | σταδίους | στάδιος | NOUN | ---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἀπέχει | obj | high | Accusative measure of distance. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 5 ἀπέχει | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | ADV | -------- | _ | 4 τριάκοντα | advmod | high | Approximation marker modifying τριάκοντα. |
| 4 | τριάκοντα | τριάκοντα | NUM | M----A-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 σταδίους | nummod | medium | Numeral agreeing semantically with the measure noun. |
| 5 | ἀπέχει | ἀπέχω | VERB | V3SPIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | -------- | _ | 5 ἀπέχει | advmod | high | Adverbial limiter/approximator. |
| 7 | Καπύης | Καπύη | PROPN | NE----GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἱερόν | nmod | high | Genitive of separation/distance: away from Capua's sanctuary. |
| 8 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S----NNS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 ἱερόν | det | high | |
| 9 | ἱερόν | ἱερόν | NOUN | A----NNS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἀπέχει | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀπέχει. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἀπέχει | punct | high | |
| 11 | αὕτη | οὗτος | PRON | P----NFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of copular clause. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 15 ἐστιν | cc | high | |
| 13 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S----NFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 μητρόπολίς | det | high | |
| 14 | μητρόπολίς | μητρόπολις | NOUN | A----NFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστιν | attr | high | Predicate nominative with ἐστιν. |
| 15 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SPIA-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second coordinated/copular clause; root analysis treats the comma-linked clause as a new root. |
| 16 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | S----NFS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 Καπύη | det | high | |
| 17 | Καπύη | Καπύη | PROPN | NE----NS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 μητρόπολίς | appos | high | Apposition specifying the metropolis. |
| 18 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 Καμπανῶν | det | high | |
| 19 | Καμπανῶν | Καμπανός | PROPN | NE----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 μητρόπολίς | nmod | high | Genitive of the people governed by μητρόπολις. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐστιν | punct | high |
ὁ μὲν δὴ ἐλέφας παρὰ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα διάφορον καὶ τὴν ἔκφυσιν παρέχεται τῶν κεράτων, ὥσπερ γε καὶ τὸ μέγεθός ἐστιν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶδος οὐδὲν ἐοικότα ἑτέρῳ θηρίῳ·
The elephant is presented as different from the other animals in the growth of its horns; the coordinated second clause continues the comparison, with ἐοικότα agreeing with εἶδος and αὐτῷ as dative possessor. The exact attachment of διάφορον is somewhat elliptical but is treated as a predicative accusative complement of παρέχεται.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 ἐλέφας | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | 尅 | _ | 4 ἐλέφας | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | 尅 | _ | 4 ἐλέφας | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ἐλέφας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | P | _ | 8 ζῷα | case | high | |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 λοιπὰ | det | high | |
| 7 | λοιπὰ | λοιπός | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ζῷα | amod | high | |
| 8 | ζῷα | ζῷον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 διάφορον | obl | high | παρά with accusative denotes comparison/difference. |
| 9 | διάφορον | διάφορος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative, agreeing with ἐλέφαντα understood; elliptical construction. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 12 ἔκφυσιν | cc | high | |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ἔκφυσιν | det | high | |
| 12 | ἔκφυσιν | ἔκφυσις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | obj | high | |
| 13 | παρέχεται | παρέχω | VERB | V-PI-MI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 κεράτων | det | high | |
| 15 | κεράτων | κέρας | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἔκφυσιν | nmod | high | |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέχεται | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὥσπερ | ὥσπερ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἐστιν | mark | high | |
| 18 | γε | γε | PART | 尅 | _ | 17 ὥσπερ | advmod | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 22 ἐστιν | cc | medium | Correlative/emphatic καί within the ὥσπερ clause. |
| 20 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | RA-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 μέγεθός | det | high | |
| 21 | μέγεθός | μέγεθος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 παρέχεται | conj | high | Coordinates a second predication under the comparison. |
| 23 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DMS | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 22 ἐστιν | iobj | medium | Dative of possession/reference with μέγεθος and εἶδος. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 25 εἶδος | cc | high | |
| 25 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ἐστιν | nsubj | medium | Coordinated nominative subject of ἐστιν. |
| 26 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 27 ἐοικότα | advmod | medium | Adverbial/elliptical negative quantifier, ‘in no way/not at all’; form is neuter nominative/accusative. |
| 27 | ἐοικότα | ἔοικα | VERB | V-PAP-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 25 εἶδος | acl | high | Perfect participle used adjectivally, agreeing with εἶδος. |
| 28 | ἑτέρῳ | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 29 θηρίῳ | amod | high | |
| 29 | θηρίῳ | θηρίον | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ἐοικότα | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐοικότα: resembling another beast. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέχεται | punct | high |
φιλότιμοι δὲ ἐς τὰ μάλιστά μοι καὶ ἐς θεῶν τιμὴν οὐ φειδωλοὶ χρημάτων γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν οἱ Ἕλληνες, οἷς γε παρὰ Ἰνδῶν ἤγετο καὶ ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ἐλέφας ἐς ποίησιν ἀγαλμάτων.
The main predicate is δοκοῦσιν with infinitival complement γενέσθαι; φειδωλοί is the predicate adjective of the infinitive. The relative clause οἷς ... ἤγετο describes the Greeks, with ἐλέφας as passive subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φιλότιμοι | φιλότιμος | ADJ | A--NP--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 φειδωλοὶ | amod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 μάλιστά | case | high | |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T----APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 μάλιστά | det | high | |
| 5 | μάλιστά | μάλιστα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 φειδωλοὶ | advmod | high | Superlative adverb with substantivized neuter article phrase. |
| 6 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P1-SD--- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 12 φειδωλοὶ | iobj | medium | Dative of judgment/reference. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἐς | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 τιμὴν | case | high | |
| 9 | θεῶν | θεός | NOUN | N------GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 τιμὴν | nmod | high | |
| 10 | τιμὴν | τιμή | NOUN | N------AS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 φειδωλοὶ | obl | high | |
| 11 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 12 φειδωλοὶ | advmod | high | |
| 12 | φειδωλοὶ | φειδωλός | ADJ | A--NP--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 δοκοῦσιν | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective in the complementary infinitival construction. |
| 13 | χρημάτων | χρῆμα | NOUN | N------GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 φειδωλοὶ | obl | high | Genitive of respect/material. |
| 14 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V--AMN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Med | 12 φειδωλοὶ | xcomp | medium | Infinitive dependent on δοκοῦσιν; adjective φειδωλοί is its predicate. |
| 15 | δοκοῦσιν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T---NM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 Ἕλληνες | det | high | |
| 17 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N------NP- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 δοκοῦσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | punct | high | |
| 19 | οἷς | ὅς | PRON | P---DM--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἤγετο | iobj | medium | Relative dative, likely beneficiaries/possessors with ἤγετο. |
| 20 | γε | γε | PART | G-------- | _ | 19 οἷς | advmod | high | |
| 21 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 Ἰνδῶν | case | high | |
| 22 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | PROPN | N------GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἤγετο | obl | high | |
| 23 | ἤγετο | ἄγω | VERB | V-IPI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Pass | 19 οἷς | acl:relcl | medium | Impersonal/passive-like relative clause; understood subject is an elephant. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 27 ἐλέφας | cc | high | |
| 25 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 Αἰθιοπίας | case | high | |
| 26 | Αἰθιοπίας | Αἰθιοπία | PROPN | N------GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἐλέφας | obl | high | |
| 27 | ἐλέφας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N------NS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἤγετο | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of passive ἤγετο. |
| 28 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 29 ποίησιν | case | high | |
| 29 | ποίησιν | ποίησις | NOUN | N------AS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἤγετο | obl | high | Purpose complement: for making. |
| 30 | ἀγαλμάτων | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N------GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 ποίησιν | nmod | high | |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | punct | high |