Grammar parses for passage 5.12.3
Open translation for this passage
ἐλέφαντι οὖν τὰ κέρατα ἴστω τις διὰ κροτάφων κατερχόμενα ἄνωθεν καὶ οὕτως ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐπιστρέφοντα.
ἴστω is an imperative of οἶδα (‘let one know/consider’); τὰ κέρατα is its accusative subject with participles κατερχόμενα and ἐπιστρέφοντα. ἐλέφαντι is an instrumental/dative of comparison or manner, ‘in the elephant’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντι | ἐλέφας | NOUN | Nb-sd | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 κατερχόμενα | obl | medium | Dative of comparison or manner: ‘in/as regards an elephant’; exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 5 ἴστω | advmod | high | |
| 3 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | P---na-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 κέρατα | det | high | |
| 4 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | Nb-pn | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἴστω | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the impersonal/third-person imperative ἴστω. |
| 5 | ἴστω | οἶδα | VERB | V3spma--- | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Third-person singular imperative, ‘let one know/consider’. |
| 6 | τις | τις | PRON | P---mn-s | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἴστω | nsubj | high | Indefinite nominative subject of ἴστω. |
| 7 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 κροτάφων | case | high | |
| 8 | κροτάφων | κρόταφος | NOUN | Nb-pg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 κατερχόμενα | obl | high | Genitive governed by διά, ‘through/across the temples’. |
| 9 | κατερχόμενα | κατέρχομαι | VERB | V--pnpna- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 κέρατα | acl | high | Present middle participle agreeing with τὰ κέρατα. |
| 10 | ἄνωθεν | ἄνωθεν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 9 κατερχόμενα | advmod | high | Source/directional adverb, ‘from above’. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | cc | high | |
| 12 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | advmod | high | ‘In this way’; modifies ἐπιστρέφοντα. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 ἐκτὸς | case | high | |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P---na-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκτὸς | det | high | |
| 15 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | NOUN | A----na-s | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | obl | medium | Substantivized neuter adjective/adverbial noun, ‘the outside’; treated as the object of εἰς. |
| 16 | ἐπιστρέφοντα | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | V--pnpna- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 κέρατα | conj | high | Coordinated present active participle agreeing with τὰ κέρατα. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἴστω | punct | high |
τοῦτο οὐκ ἀκοὴν γράφω, θεασάμενος δὲ ἐλέφαντος ἐν γῇ τῇ Καμπανῶν κρανίον ἐν Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερῷ·
The participle θεασάμενος is a nominative masculine singular circumstantial participle with an understood first-person subject, coordinated by δέ; ἐλέφαντος modifies κρανίον as a genitive of possession/material, while τῇ Καμπανῶν γῇ is the location within which it was seen. Ἀρτέμιδος is a dependent genitive with ἱερῷ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 γράφω | obj | high | |
| 2 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 γράφω | advmod | high | |
| 3 | ἀκοὴν | ἀκοή | NOUN | N-AF-S-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γράφω | obj | high | Predicate/content object: 'I do not write this as hearsay'; semantic relation is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 4 | γράφω | γράφω | VERB | V-PAI-1S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high | |
| 6 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V-AMP-NMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 4 γράφω | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle sharing the first-person subject of γράφω. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 θεασάμενος | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἐλέφαντος | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-GM-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on κρανίον, likely specifying the elephant whose skull it was. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 γῇ | case | high | |
| 10 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | N-DF-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 θεασάμενος | obl | high | Location of θεασάμενος. |
| 11 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-DF-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 γῇ | det | high | |
| 12 | Καμπανῶν | Καμπανός | PROPN | A-GF-P-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 γῇ | nmod | medium | Genitive plural ethnic/place designation modifying γῇ; form and agreement are orthographically ambiguous. |
| 13 | κρανίον | κρανίον | NOUN | N-AS-S-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 θεασάμενος | obj | high | |
| 14 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 ἱερῷ | case | high | |
| 15 | Ἀρτέμιδος | Ἄρτεμις | PROPN | N-GF-S-- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἱερῷ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἱερῷ: sanctuary of Artemis. |
| 16 | ἱερῷ | ἱερός | NOUN | N-DS-S-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | obl | high | Location of the skull; substantivized/neuter noun meaning sanctuary. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high |
ὁ μὲν δὴ ἐλέφας παρὰ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα διάφορον καὶ τὴν ἔκφυσιν παρέχεται τῶν κεράτων, ὥσπερ γε καὶ τὸ μέγεθός ἐστιν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶδος οὐδὲν ἐοικότα ἑτέρῳ θηρίῳ·
The elephant is presented as different from the other animals in the growth of its horns; the coordinated second clause continues the comparison, with ἐοικότα agreeing with εἶδος and αὐτῷ as dative possessor. The exact attachment of διάφορον is somewhat elliptical but is treated as a predicative accusative complement of παρέχεται.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 ἐλέφας | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | 尅 | _ | 4 ἐλέφας | discourse | high | |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | 尅 | _ | 4 ἐλέφας | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ἐλέφας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | P | _ | 8 ζῷα | case | high | |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 λοιπὰ | det | high | |
| 7 | λοιπὰ | λοιπός | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ζῷα | amod | high | |
| 8 | ζῷα | ζῷον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 διάφορον | obl | high | παρά with accusative denotes comparison/difference. |
| 9 | διάφορον | διάφορος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative, agreeing with ἐλέφαντα understood; elliptical construction. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 12 ἔκφυσιν | cc | high | |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 ἔκφυσιν | det | high | |
| 12 | ἔκφυσιν | ἔκφυσις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 παρέχεται | obj | high | |
| 13 | παρέχεται | παρέχω | VERB | V-PI-MI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 κεράτων | det | high | |
| 15 | κεράτων | κέρας | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἔκφυσιν | nmod | high | |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέχεται | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὥσπερ | ὥσπερ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἐστιν | mark | high | |
| 18 | γε | γε | PART | 尅 | _ | 17 ὥσπερ | advmod | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 22 ἐστιν | cc | medium | Correlative/emphatic καί within the ὥσπερ clause. |
| 20 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | RA-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 μέγεθός | det | high | |
| 21 | μέγεθός | μέγεθος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 22 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 παρέχεται | conj | high | Coordinates a second predication under the comparison. |
| 23 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DMS | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 22 ἐστιν | iobj | medium | Dative of possession/reference with μέγεθος and εἶδος. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 25 εἶδος | cc | high | |
| 25 | εἶδος | εἶδος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ἐστιν | nsubj | medium | Coordinated nominative subject of ἐστιν. |
| 26 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 27 ἐοικότα | advmod | medium | Adverbial/elliptical negative quantifier, ‘in no way/not at all’; form is neuter nominative/accusative. |
| 27 | ἐοικότα | ἔοικα | VERB | V-PAP-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 25 εἶδος | acl | high | Perfect participle used adjectivally, agreeing with εἶδος. |
| 28 | ἑτέρῳ | ἕτερος | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 29 θηρίῳ | amod | high | |
| 29 | θηρίῳ | θηρίον | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ἐοικότα | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐοικότα: resembling another beast. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέχεται | punct | high |