Grammar parses for passage 5.12.3
Open translation for this passage
ἐλέφαντι οὖν τὰ κέρατα ἴστω τις διὰ κροτάφων κατερχόμενα ἄνωθεν καὶ οὕτως ἐς τὸ ἐκτὸς ἐπιστρέφοντα.
Main clause is an imperative with ἴστω as root; the two neuter plural participles describe the horns and are coordinated, with prepositional phrases attached to the participles.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐλέφαντι | ἐλέφας | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἴστω | obl | high | Dative of respect/association with ἴστω. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | _ | _ | 5 ἴστω | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 3 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 4 κέρατα | det | high | Article modifying κέρατα. |
| 4 | κέρατα | κέρας | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἴστω | obj | high | Direct object of ἴστω. |
| 5 | ἴστω | οἶδα | VERB | _ | Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperative form of οἶδα used in the meaning 'let one know / consider'. |
| 6 | τις | τις | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Com|Number=Sing | 5 ἴστω | nsubj | high | Indefinite subject. |
| 7 | διὰ | διά | ADP | _ | _ | 8 κροτάφων | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 8 | κροτάφων | κρόταφος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 κατερχόμενα | obl | high | Object of preposition διὰ. |
| 9 | κατερχόμενα | κατέρχομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 4 κέρατα | acl | high | Participle modifying κέρατα. |
| 10 | ἄνωθεν | ἄνωθεν | ADV | _ | _ | 9 κατερχόμενα | advmod | high | Adverb modifying κατερχόμενα. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | cc | high | Coordinates participles. |
| 12 | οὕτως | οὕτως | ADV | _ | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | advmod | high | Manner adverb modifying ἐπιστρέφοντα. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 15 ἐκτὸς | case | high | Preposition governing ἐκτὸς. |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκτὸς | det | high | Article with ἐκτὸς. |
| 15 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | ADV | _ | _ | 16 ἐπιστρέφοντα | obl | medium | Used substantively/adverbially after preposition. |
| 16 | ἐπιστρέφοντα | ἐπιστρέφω | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 ἴστω | conj | high | Second participial predicate coordinated with κατερχόμενα. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἴστω | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
τοῦτο οὐκ ἀκοὴν γράφω, θεασάμενος δὲ ἐλέφαντος ἐν γῇ τῇ Καμπανῶν κρανίον ἐν Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερῷ·
The participial clause θεασάμενος δὲ ... is circumstantial and linked to the main verb γράφω; the two ἐν-phrases are nested locatives/genitives, with Ἀρτέμιδος dependent on ἱερῷ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | Pd-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 γράφω | obj | high | Direct object of γράφω. |
| 2 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | P<br> | Polarity=Neg | 4 γράφω | advmod | high | Standard negator with finite verb. |
| 3 | ἀκοὴν | ἀκοή | NOUN | N-SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 γράφω | obj | medium | Accusative of content/object with γράφω, likely 'by report'/'hearsay'. |
| 4 | γράφω | γράφω | VERB | V1SPIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 6 | θεασάμενος | θεάομαι | VERB | V-AMP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 4 γράφω | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying the speaker. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 6 θεασάμενος | discourse | medium | Postpositive connective. |
| 8 | ἐλέφαντος | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of κρανίον, 'of ivory'. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 10 γῇ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 10 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | nmod | high | Locative PP complement of κρανίον. |
| 11 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 γῇ | det | high | Article with γῇ. |
| 12 | Καμπανῶν | Καμπανός | PROPN | Ne- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 γῇ | nmod | medium | Genitive ethnic adjective/noun modifying γῇ. |
| 13 | κρανίον | κρανίον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 θεασάμενος | obj | high | Object of θεασάμενος. |
| 14 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 16 ἱερῷ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 15 | Ἀρτέμιδος | Ἄρτεμις | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἱερῷ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἱερῷ. |
| 16 | ἱερῷ | ἱερόν | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 κρανίον | obl | medium | Dative with ἐν; syntactically a locative modifier of κρανίον. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 γράφω | punct | high | Punctuation. |
φιλότιμοι δὲ ἐς τὰ μάλιστά μοι καὶ ἐς θεῶν τιμὴν οὐ φειδωλοὶ χρημάτων γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν οἱ Ἕλληνες, οἷς γε παρὰ Ἰνδῶν ἤγετο καὶ ἐξ Αἰθιοπίας ἐλέφας ἐς ποίησιν ἀγαλμάτων.
The syntax is elliptical and somewhat irregular: φιλότιμοι and φειδωλοί are predicative complements of γενέσθαι, while the relative clause with ἤγετο is difficult because of the singular verb and the coordinated objects/source phrases.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φιλότιμοι | φιλότιμος | ADJ | A---NP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 δοκοῦσιν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with γενέσθαι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 μάλιστά | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 μάλιστά | det | high | Article modifying μάλιστα. |
| 5 | μάλιστά | μάλα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 15 δοκοῦσιν | obl | medium | Likely adverbial head of ἐς-phrase, functioning substantively 'to the utmost'. |
| 6 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1DS---- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 5 μάλιστά | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/interest. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 8 ἐς | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 τιμὴν | case | high | Second prepositional phrase. |
| 9 | θεῶν | θεός | NOUN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 τιμὴν | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of τιμήν. |
| 10 | τιμὴν | τιμή | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 δοκοῦσιν | obl | high | Object of ἐς, dependent on φειδωλοί as complement. |
| 11 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | G-------- | _ | 12 φειδωλοὶ | advmod | high | Negation of adjective. |
| 12 | φειδωλοὶ | φειδωλός | ADJ | A---NP-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 δοκοῦσιν | xcomp | high | Second predicate adjective with γενέσθαι. |
| 13 | χρημάτων | χρῆμα | NOUN | N-P---GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 φειδωλοὶ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on φειδωλοί. |
| 14 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AONM-- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 15 δοκοῦσιν | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive with δοκοῦσιν. |
| 15 | δοκοῦσιν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 16 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NPM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 Ἕλληνες | det | high | Article with subject noun. |
| 17 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 δοκοῦσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of δοκοῦσιν. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 19 | οἷς | ὅς | PRON | P-P---DM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 23 ἤγετο | iobj | medium | Relative pronoun; datival relation with ἤγετο. |
| 20 | γε | γε | PART | G-------- | _ | 19 οἷς | discourse | high | Enclitic emphasizing the relative pronoun. |
| 21 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 22 Ἰνδῶν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 22 | Ἰνδῶν | Ἰνδός | PROPN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 ἤγετο | obl | medium | Source/agent-like genitive with παρὰ. |
| 23 | ἤγετο | ἄγω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 15 δοκοῦσιν | advcl | medium | Subordinate clause; singular verb with collective subject understood or textual irregularity. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 25 ἐξ | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 25 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 27 ἐλέφας | case | high | Preposition before source phrase. |
| 26 | Αἰθιοπίας | Αἰθιοπία | PROPN | N-S---FG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 ἐλέφας | obl | medium | Source phrase with ἐξ. |
| 27 | ἐλέφας | ἐλέφας | NOUN | N-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἤγετο | obj | medium | Likely object of ἤγετο; form is ambiguous in context. |
| 28 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 29 ποίησιν | case | high | Final prepositional phrase. |
| 29 | ποίησιν | ποίησις | NOUN | N-S---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἤγετο | obl | medium | Purpose/result phrase with ἐς. |
| 30 | ἀγαλμάτων | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-P---GN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 ποίησιν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ποίησιν. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 δοκοῦσιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |