Grammar parses for passage 5.23.3
Open translation for this passage
τούτων τῶν πόλεων τοσαίδε ἦσαν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἔρημοι· Μυκηναῖοι μὲν καὶ Τιρύνθιοι ὑπὸ τῶν Μηδικῶν ὕστερον ἐγένοντο ὑπὸ Ἀργείων ἀνάστατοι· Ἀμβρακιώτας δὲ καὶ Ἀνακτορίους ἀποίκους Κορινθίων ὄντας ἐπηγάγετο ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς ἐς Νικοπόλεως συνοικισμὸν πρὸς τῷ Ἀκτίῳ·
Προτάσεις με ελλειπτικό/παθητικό ἦσαν ἔρημοι και δεύτερο σκέλος όπου Ἀμβρακιώτας καὶ Ἀνακτορίους ἀποίκους ὄντας είναι αντικείμενο του ἐπηγάγετο· οι προθέσεις ὑπό δηλώνουν διαφορετικούς ποιητικούς/αιτιατικούς προσδιορισμούς. Το ἐφʼ ἡμῶν αποδίδεται χρονικά («στην εποχή μας»).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | RD-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 πόλεων | det | high | |
| 2 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 3 πόλεων | det | high | |
| 3 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 τοσαίδε | nmod | high | |
| 4 | τοσαίδε | τοσόσδε | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 5 ἦσαν | nsubj | medium | Predicative numeral adjective, agreeing with understood πόλεις. |
| 5 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | P-GEN | _ | 7 ἡμῶν | case | high | Elided form ἐπʼ. |
| 7 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | RP-G-1P | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 5 ἦσαν | obl | high | Temporal genitive phrase. |
| 8 | ἔρημοι | ἔρημος | ADJ | A-NPF | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 5 ἦσαν | xcomp | high | Predicative complement of ἦσαν. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦσαν | punct | high | |
| 10 | Μυκηναῖοι | Μυκηναῖος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐγένοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 11 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X | _ | 10 Μυκηναῖοι | discourse | high | |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 13 Τιρύνθιοι | cc | high | |
| 13 | Τιρύνθιοι | Τίρυνθιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Μυκηναῖοι | conj | high | |
| 14 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P-GEN | _ | 16 Μηδικῶν | case | high | |
| 15 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 Μηδικῶν | det | high | |
| 16 | Μηδικῶν | Μηδικός | ADJ | A-GPM | substantivized=Yes|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐγένοντο | obl | medium | Substantivized plural «the Medes». |
| 17 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADV | A-ADV | Degree=Pos | 18 ἐγένοντο | advmod | high | |
| 18 | ἐγένοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 5 ἦσαν | parataxis | high | Second coordinated historical clause. |
| 19 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P-GEN | _ | 20 Ἀργείων | case | high | |
| 20 | Ἀργείων | Ἀργεῖος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἀνάστατοι | obl:agent | high | |
| 21 | ἀνάστατοι | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐγένοντο | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with γίγνομαι. |
| 22 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐγένοντο | punct | high | |
| 23 | Ἀμβρακιώτας | Ἀμβρακιώτης | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἐπηγάγετο | obj | high | |
| 24 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | X | _ | 30 ἐπηγάγετο | cc | high | |
| 25 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 26 Ἀνακτορίους | cc | high | |
| 26 | Ἀνακτορίους | Ἀνακτόριος | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 Ἀμβρακιώτας | conj | high | |
| 27 | ἀποίκους | ἄποικος | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 Ἀμβρακιώτας | appos | high | Apposition/predicative description of the two peoples. |
| 28 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 ἀποίκους | nmod | high | Genitive of origin/association. |
| 29 | ὄντας | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAP-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 Ἀμβρακιώτας | acl | high | Concordant accusative participle, referring to tokens 23 and 26. |
| 30 | ἐπηγάγετο | ἐπάγω | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 5 ἦσαν | parataxis | high | |
| 31 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 33 βασιλεὺς | det | high | |
| 32 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 βασιλεὺς | nmod | high | |
| 33 | βασιλεὺς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 ἐπηγάγετο | nsubj | high | |
| 34 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P-AP | _ | 36 συνοικισμὸν | case | high | |
| 35 | Νικοπόλεως | Νικόπολις | PROPN | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 συνοικισμὸν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on συνοικισμός, «settlement/foundation of Nicopolis». |
| 36 | συνοικισμὸν | συνοικισμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 ἐπηγάγετο | obl | high | Goal/purpose complement of ἐπηγάγετο. |
| 37 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | P-D | _ | 39 Ἀκτίῳ | case | high | |
| 38 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | RA-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 39 Ἀκτίῳ | det | high | |
| 39 | Ἀκτίῳ | Ἄκτιον | PROPN | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 36 συνοικισμὸν | nmod | high | Location «near/at Actium». |
| 40 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἐπηγάγετο | punct | high |
Ποτιδαιάτας δὲ δὶς μὲν ἐπέλαβεν ἀναστάτους ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας ὑπὸ Φιλίππου τε γενέσθαι τοῦ Ἀμύντου καὶ πρότερον ἔτι ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων,
The construction is elliptical: ἐπέλαβεν governs an accusative object Ποτιδαιάτας and an infinitival complement γενέσθαι, with ἀναστάτους as the infinitive's predicative accusative; the two ὑπό phrases identify the agents in the coordinated historical instances. δὶς μέν ... καὶ πρότερον ἔτι forms an asymmetrical pair.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ποτιδαιάτας | Ποτιδαιάτης | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | obj | high | Accusative plural ethnonym, object of ἐπέλαβεν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | δὶς | δίς | ADV | ADV | _ | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | advmod | high | Adverbial numeral modifying ἐπέλαβεν. |
| 4 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, paired loosely with καί. |
| 5 | ἐπέλαβεν | ἐπιλαμβάνω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Aspect=Aor|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist active indicative; historical subject is contextually supplied. |
| 6 | ἀναστάτους | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 γενέσθαι | xcomp | medium | Accusative predicative adjective with infinitival γενέσθαι; agrees with Ποτιδαιάτας. |
| 7 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 9 σφετέρας | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 8 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 σφετέρας | det | high | Article with σφετέρας. |
| 9 | σφετέρας | σφέτερος | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes|Reflex=Yes | 13 γενέσθαι | obl | medium | Substantivized possessive adjective, likely χώρας or γῆς understood; phrase ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας. |
| 10 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 Φιλίππου | case | high | Agent preposition with genitive. |
| 11 | Φιλίππου | Φίλιππος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 γενέσθαι | obl:agent | high | Genitive agent of γενέσθαι in the first historical instance. |
| 12 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 καὶ | cc | medium | Coordinating enclitic, linking the two agentive clauses/phrases. |
| 13 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-ANM | Aspect=Aor|Mood=Inf|Tense=Past|Voice=Mid | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | xcomp | high | Aorist middle infinitive complementary to ἐπέλαβεν. |
| 14 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Ἀμύντου | det | high | Article with Ἀμύντου. |
| 15 | Ἀμύντου | Ἀμύντας | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 Φιλίππου | nmod | high | Genitive patronymic, 'Philip son of Amyntas'. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 ὑπὸ | cc | high | Coordinates the second ὑπό phrase with the first. |
| 17 | πρότερον | πρότερος | ADV | ADV | _ | 20 Ἀθηναίων | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the earlier occurrence of the event. |
| 18 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 17 πρότερον | advmod | high | Further modifies πρότερον, 'still/earlier yet'. |
| 19 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 Ἀθηναίων | case | high | Agent preposition with genitive. |
| 20 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 γενέσθαι | obl:agent | high | Genitive agent in the coordinated earlier instance. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐπέλαβεν | punct | high |
χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον Κάσσανδρος κατήγαγε μὲν Ποτιδαιάτας ἐπὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα, ὄνομα δὲ οὐ τὸ ἀρχαῖον τῇ πόλει, Κασσάνδρεια δὲ ἐγένετο ἀπὸ τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ.
Two coordinated clauses: Cassander brought the Potidaeans back to their ancestral place, while the city's name was not the ancient one and became Cassandreia, named from its founder. The subject of ἐγένετο is Κασσάνδρεια; ὄνομα is a predicative noun with an understood copula in the verbless clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | N-dat-s-m | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ὕστερον | obl | high | Dative of temporal extent. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ὕστερον | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADV | ADV | _ | 5 κατήγαγε | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative, ‘later’. |
| 4 | Κάσσανδρος | Κάσσανδρος | PROPN | N-nom-s-m | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 κατήγαγε | nsubj | high | Subject of κατήγαγε. |
| 5 | κατήγαγε | κατάγω | VERB | V-aor-act-ind-3s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PRT | _ | 5 κατήγαγε | discourse | high | Correlative particle, paired with δὲ at token 13. |
| 7 | Ποτιδαιάτας | Ποτιδαιάτης | PROPN | N-acc-p-m | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 κατήγαγε | obj | high | Direct object of κατήγαγε. |
| 8 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 οἰκεῖα | case | high | Preposition governing τὰ οἰκεῖα. |
| 9 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-acc-p-n | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 οἰκεῖα | det | high | Article with substantivized adjective. |
| 10 | οἰκεῖα | οἰκεῖος | ADJ | A-acc-p-n | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 κατήγαγε | obl | high | Substantivized neuter plural, ‘ancestral/home territory’; destination with ἐπί. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 5 κατήγαγε | punct | high | |
| 12 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-nom-s-n | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | nsubj | medium | Subject of the verbless nominal clause, with understood ἐγένετο/copula. |
| 13 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | cc | high | Connective introducing the contrasting nominal clause. |
| 14 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PRT | _ | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | advmod | high | Negates the predication. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-nom-s-n | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἀρχαῖον | det | high | Article with ἀρχαῖον. |
| 16 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-nom-s-n | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective/noun phrase: ‘not the ancient [name]’. |
| 17 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-dat-s-f | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 πόλει | det | high | Article with πόλει. |
| 18 | πόλει | πόλις | NOUN | N-dat-s-f | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | obl | medium | Dative of reference: ‘for/to the city’. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 20 Κασσάνδρεια | punct | high | |
| 20 | Κασσάνδρεια | Κασσάνδρεια | PROPN | N-nom-s-f | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγένετο; name of the city. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ἐγένετο | cc | high | Connective between the nominal clause and its verbal continuation. |
| 22 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-aor-mid-ind-3s | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 5 κατήγαγε | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb, ‘became’. |
| 23 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 25 οἰκιστοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing τοῦ οἰκιστοῦ. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-gen-s-m | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 οἰκιστοῦ | det | high | Article with οἰκιστοῦ. |
| 25 | οἰκιστοῦ | οἰκιστής | NOUN | N-gen-s-m | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Object of ἀπό; ‘from/after the founder’. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 5 κατήγαγε | punct | high |
τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ τὸ ἀνατεθὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν Ἀναξαγόρας Αἰγινήτης· τοῦτον οἱ συγγράψαντες τὰ ἐς Πλαταιὰς παριᾶσιν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις.
Two coordinated clauses: the statue is the object of ἐποίησεν, with a postposed subject; τοῦτον resumes Ἀναξαγόρας and is object of παριᾶσιν. The participle συγγράψαντες is substantival, referring to authors who write about Plataea; παριᾶσιν is morphologically ambiguous but contextually 3pl present active.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἄγαλμα | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 ἄγαλμα | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἄγαλμα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ἐποίησεν | obj | high | |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 Ὀλυμπίᾳ | case | high | |
| 5 | Ὀλυμπίᾳ | Ὀλυμπία | PROPN | Ne-LSF | Case=Loc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀνατεθὲν | obl | medium | Locative sense; formally dative. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἀνατεθὲν | det | high | |
| 7 | ἀνατεθὲν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | V-APPNSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 3 ἄγαλμα | acl | high | |
| 8 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 Ἑλλήνων | case | high | |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Ἑλλήνων | det | high | |
| 10 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀνατεθὲν | obl:agent | high | |
| 11 | ἐποίησεν | ποιέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 12 | Ἀναξαγόρας | Ἀναξαγόρας | PROPN | Ne-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἐποίησεν | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | Αἰγινήτης | Αἰγινήτης | PROPN | Ne-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Ἀναξαγόρας | appos | high | Ethnic/name apposition. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἐποίησεν | punct | high | |
| 15 | τοῦτον | οὗτος | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 21 παριᾶσιν | obj | high | Resumptive reference to Ἀναξαγόρας. |
| 16 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 συγγράψαντες | det | high | Article substantivizes the participle. |
| 17 | συγγράψαντες | συγγράφω | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 21 παριᾶσιν | nsubj | high | Substantival participle: the authors/writers. |
| 18 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 Πλαταιὰς | det | high | |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 20 Πλαταιὰς | case | high | |
| 20 | Πλαταιὰς | Πλαταιαί | PROPN | Ne-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 17 συγγράψαντες | obl | high | With substantivized τὰ: matters concerning Plataea. |
| 21 | παριᾶσιν | παρίημι | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Context supports present active 3pl; spelling can be ambiguous. |
| 22 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 24 λόγοις | case | high | |
| 23 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 24 λόγοις | det | high | |
| 24 | λόγοις | λόγος | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 παριᾶσιν | obl | high | |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 παριᾶσιν | punct | high |