Grammar parses for passage 6.2.10
Open translation for this passage
παρὰ δὲ Μεσσήνιος Δαμίσκος, ὃς δύο γεγονὼς ἔτη καὶ δέκα ἐνίκησεν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ.
The relative clause is coordinated in sense with the main assertion; γεγονὼς ἔτη καὶ δέκα is an elliptical age expression, best analyzed as a participial adverbial modifying the relative-clause verb.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R- | Case=Dat | 4 Δαμίσκος | case | high | With dative, expressing association or provenance: 'among/from the Messenians'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 Δαμίσκος | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Μεσσήνιος | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | N-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Δαμίσκος | appos | high | Ethnic name used appositionally with the personal name. |
| 4 | Δαμίσκος | Δαμίσκος | PROPN | N-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐνίκησεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐνίκησεν. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 Δαμίσκος | punct | high | |
| 6 | ὃς | ὅς | PRON | P-S---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 12 ἐνίκησεν | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun referring to Δαμίσκος. |
| 7 | δύο | δύο | NUM | M----NA- | Case=Acc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 9 ἔτη | nummod | high | Cardinal modifying ἔτη. |
| 8 | γεγονὼς | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RAP-SNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 12 ἐνίκησεν | advcl | medium | Perfect participle, idiomatically 'having reached/lived' two years and ten; exact aspectual force is somewhat elliptical. |
| 9 | ἔτη | ἔτος | NOUN | N-P---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 γεγονὼς | obj | high | Accusative complement of γεγονώς. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 δέκα | cc | high | Coordinates the numerals δύο and δέκα. |
| 11 | δέκα | δέκα | NUM | M----NA- | Case=Acc|NumType=Card|Number=Plur | 9 ἔτη | conj | high | Second coordinated numeral modifying ἔτη. |
| 12 | ἐνίκησεν | νικάω | VERB | V-AAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb: 'won'. |
| 13 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | Case=Dat | 14 Ὀλυμπίᾳ | case | high | Locative preposition. |
| 14 | Ὀλυμπίᾳ | Ὀλυμπία | PROPN | N-S---FD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἐνίκησεν | obl | high | Location of the victory. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐνίκησεν | punct | high |
θαῦμα δὲ εἴπερ ἄλλο τι καὶ τόδε ἐποιησάμην· Μεσσηνίους γὰρ ἐκ Πελοποννήσου φεύγοντας ἐπέλιπεν ἡ περὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα τύχη τὸν Ὀλυμπικόν.
The sentence has an elliptical copular exclamation (θαῦμα ... τόδε) followed by ἐποιησάμην; in the γάρ clause, Μεσσηνίους is the object of ἐπέλιπεν, φεύγοντας is a supplementary accusative participle, and τὸν Ὀλυμπικόν modifies ἀγῶνα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θαῦμα | θαῦμα | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐποιησάμην | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative/exclamatory nominal; linked to the following first-person verb in an elliptical construction. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 8 ἐποιησάμην | cc | high | |
| 3 | εἴπερ | εἴπερ | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 4 ἄλλο | mark | high | Concessive/conditional particle introducing the phrase εἴπερ ἄλλο τι. |
| 4 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 τόδε | amod | medium | Neuter substantive adjective, ‘another thing’; syntactically associated with τόδε. |
| 5 | τι | τις | PRON | p-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἄλλο | advmod | medium | Indefinite neuter, idiomatic intensifying ‘anything/at all’. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 7 τόδε | cc | high | |
| 7 | τόδε | ὅδε | PRON | p-s---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐποιησάμην | obj | medium | Demonstrative neuter; object or content of ἐποιησάμην, with θαῦμα as predicative characterization. |
| 8 | ἐποιησάμην | ποιέω | VERB | v--amn--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐποιησάμην | punct | high | |
| 10 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐπέλιπεν | obj | high | Ethnic proper name used substantivally. |
| 11 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 15 ἐπέλιπεν | cc | high | |
| 12 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | r-------- | _ | 13 Πελοποννήσου | case | high | |
| 13 | Πελοποννήσου | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 φεύγοντας | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐκ. |
| 14 | φεύγοντας | φεύγω | VERB | v-sapama- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἐπέλιπεν | xcomp | medium | Supplementary/predicative accusative participle agreeing with Μεσσηνίους; denotes their fleeing. |
| 15 | ἐπέλιπεν | ἐπιλείπω | VERB | v3saia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 ἐποιησάμην | parataxis | high | Main verb of the γάρ clause; subject is τύχη, with Μεσσηνίους as object. |
| 16 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | l-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 τύχη | det | high | |
| 17 | περὶ | περί | ADP | r-------- | _ | 19 ἀγῶνα | case | high | |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἀγῶνα | det | high | |
| 19 | ἀγῶνα | ἀγών | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 τύχη | nmod | high | Object of περί; the phrase περί τὸν ἀγῶνα modifies τύχη. |
| 20 | τύχη | τύχη | NOUN | n-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐπέλιπεν | nsubj | high | |
| 21 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | l-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 Ὀλυμπικόν | det | high | |
| 22 | Ὀλυμπικόν | Ὀλυμπικός | ADJ | a-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἀγῶνα | amod | high | Adjective modifying ἀγῶνα. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐπέλιπεν | punct | high |
ὅτι γὰρ μὴ Λεοντίσκος καὶ Σύμμαχος τῶν ἐπὶ πορθμῷ Μεσσηνίων, ἄλλος γε οὐδεὶς Μεσσήνιος οὔτε Σικελιώτης οὔτʼ ἐκ Ναυπάκτου δῆλός ἐστιν Ὀλυμπίασιν ἀνῃρημένος νίκην·
The clause contrasts the two named Messenians with no other Messenian, Sicilian, or person from Naupactus; δῆλός ἐστιν is the matrix predicate, with ἀνῃρημένος νίκην as its participial complement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | C | _ | 21 δῆλός | mark | high | Causal/content conjunction; here introduces the clause. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G | _ | 21 δῆλός | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | μὴ | μή | PART | D | Polarity=Neg | 4 Λεοντίσκος | advmod | high | Negates the coordinated subject phrase. |
| 4 | Λεοντίσκος | Λεοντίσκος | PROPN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 δῆλός | nsubj | high | First coordinated personal name. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 6 Σύμμαχος | cc | high | Coordinates the two names. |
| 6 | Σύμμαχος | Σύμμαχος | PROPN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Λεοντίσκος | conj | high | Second coordinated personal name. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Μεσσηνίων | det | high | Article with Μεσσηνίων. |
| 8 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 9 πορθμῷ | case | high | Preposition governing dative πορθμῷ. |
| 9 | πορθμῷ | πορθμός | NOUN | N---DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Μεσσηνίων | nmod | high | Dative phrase modifying Μεσσηνίων. |
| 10 | Μεσσηνίων | Μεσσήνιος | NOUN | N---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Λεοντίσκος | nmod | medium | Genitive partitive/identifying group associated with the names. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 δῆλός | punct | high | |
| 12 | ἄλλος | ἄλλος | ADJ | A---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 οὐδεὶς | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of οὐδείς. |
| 13 | γε | γε | PART | D | _ | 14 οὐδεὶς | advmod | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 14 | οὐδεὶς | οὐδείς | PRON | PX---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 21 δῆλός | nsubj | high | Negative indefinite subject, with ἄλλος as modifier. |
| 15 | Μεσσήνιος | Μεσσήνιος | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 οὐδεὶς | appos | high | Appositional specification of οὐδείς. |
| 16 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 17 Σικελιώτης | cc | high | First member of οὔτε...οὔτε coordination. |
| 17 | Σικελιώτης | Σικελιώτης | NOUN | N---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 οὐδεὶς | conj | high | Coordinated alternative ethnic designation. |
| 18 | οὔτʼ | οὔτε | CCONJ | C | _ | 20 Ναυπάκτου | cc | high | Second οὔτε, coordinating the final alternative. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | P | _ | 20 Ναυπάκτου | case | high | Preposition governing Ναυπάκτου. |
| 20 | Ναυπάκτου | Ναύπακτος | PROPN | N---GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 οὐδεὶς | conj | high | Final coordinated origin designation, elliptical for a person from Naupactus. |
| 21 | δῆλός | δῆλος | ADJ | A---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Predicate adjective; εἰμί supplies the copula. |
| 22 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 δῆλός | cop | high | Copula with predicate δῆλος. |
| 23 | Ὀλυμπίασιν | Ὀλυμπία | PROPN | N---DFP- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 24 ἀνῃρημένος | obl | medium | Locative dative, at the Olympic games; form is plural dative. |
| 24 | ἀνῃρημένος | ἀναιρέω | VERB | V-RMP-NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 21 δῆλός | xcomp | medium | Perfect passive participle, predicate-related: having been recorded/declared victor. |
| 25 | νίκην | νίκη | NOUN | N---ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἀνῃρημένος | obj | high | Object of ἀνῃρημένος in the idiom for winning a victory. |
| 26 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 δῆλός | punct | high |
εἶναι δὲ οἱ Σικελιῶται καὶ τούτους τῶν ἀρχαίων Ζαγκλαίων καὶ οὐ Μεσσηνίους φασί.
Reported-speech syntax: φασί governs an accusative-and-infinitive construction; εἶναι takes Σικελιῶται as accusative-subject in the underlying construction, while τούτους and Μεσσηνίους are coordinated accusative predicative/complement expressions. The exact coordination attachment of καὶ τούτους is somewhat interpretive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V- PNA | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 13 φασί | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on φασί; copular/predicative infinitive. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 φασί | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Σικελιῶται | det | high | Article with Σικελιῶται. |
| 4 | Σικελιῶται | Σικελιώτης | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 εἶναι | nsubj | high | Subject of the infinitive εἶναι. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 τούτους | cc | high | Coordinates τούτους with the preceding subject/predicate structure. |
| 6 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | D-NPM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 εἶναι | obj | medium | Accusative complement/predicate with εἶναι, coordinated in the reported identification. |
| 7 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 Ζαγκλαίων | det | high | Article with Ζαγκλαίων. |
| 8 | ἀρχαίων | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 Ζαγκλαίων | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying Ζαγκλαίων. |
| 9 | Ζαγκλαίων | Ζάγκλαιος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 τούτους | nmod | high | Genitive of origin/descent: 'of the ancient Zanklaeans'. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 Μεσσηνίους | cc | high | Coordinates the negated alternative Μεσσηνίους. |
| 11 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 12 Μεσσηνίους | advmod | high | Negates Μεσσηνίους. |
| 12 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 τούτους | conj | medium | Substantivized ethnic adjective, coordinated with the accusative identification complement τούτους. |
| 13 | φασί | φημί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main reporting verb. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 φασί | punct | high |