Grammar parses for passage 7.10.9
Open translation for this passage
ἔνθα δὴ ὡς ἠλέγχετο ὁ Ῥωμαῖος, ἀπετόλμησεν εἰπεῖν ὡς οἱ ἐστρατηγηκότες Ἀχαιῶν ἐνέχονται πάντες τῇ αἰτίᾳ·
The sentence has a temporal/locative subordinate clause (ἔνθα ... ἠλέγχετο) before the main verb; εἰπεῖν takes a ὡς content clause whose subject is the substantivized participle οἱ ἐστρατηγηκότες.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | Adverb | PronType=Rel | 4 ἠλέγχετο | advmod | high | Locative-relative adverb introducing the temporal/locative subordinate clause. |
| 2 | δὴ | δή | PART | Particle | _ | 4 ἠλέγχετο | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 3 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Subordinator | _ | 4 ἠλέγχετο | mark | high | Introduces the subordinate clause after ἔνθα. |
| 4 | ἠλέγχετο | ἐλέγχω | VERB | V-3-SI-M-I | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 8 ἀπετόλμησεν | advcl | medium | Imperfect middle/passive; here passive, ‘was being exposed/refuted’. |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | Art-N-SM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Ῥωμαῖος | det | high | |
| 6 | Ῥωμαῖος | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-N-SM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἠλέγχετο | nsubj | high | Substantivized ethnic adjective/name, subject of ἠλέγχετο. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπετόλμησεν | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἀπετόλμησεν | ἀποτολμάω | VERB | V-3-SAI-A | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | εἰπεῖν | λέγω | VERB | V-NAI | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 8 ἀπετόλμησεν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after ἀπετόλμησεν. |
| 10 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 12 ἐστρατηγηκότες | mark | high | Introduces the content clause dependent on εἰπεῖν. |
| 11 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | Art-N-PM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 ἐστρατηγηκότες | det | high | |
| 12 | ἐστρατηγηκότες | στρατηγέω | VERB | V-RPA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Active | 14 ἐνέχονται | nsubj | high | Substantivized perfect active participle, ‘those who have held command’. |
| 13 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐστρατηγηκότες | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on ἐστρατηγηκότες, likely ‘of the Achaeans’. |
| 14 | ἐνέχονται | ἐνέχω | VERB | V-3-PI-M-I | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Middle | 9 εἰπεῖν | ccomp | high | Predicate of the ὡς content clause; middle form with passive-like sense ‘are implicated’. |
| 15 | πάντες | πᾶς | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἐστρατηγηκότες | amod | high | Predicative/quantifying modifier of the substantivized participle. |
| 16 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | Art-D-SF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 17 αἰτίᾳ | det | high | |
| 17 | αἰτίᾳ | αἰτία | NOUN | N-D-SF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἐνέχονται | obl | high | Dative governed by ἐνέχομαι, ‘in/under the charge’. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπετόλμησεν | punct | high |
πάντας γὰρ φρονῆσαι τὰ Μακεδόνων τε καὶ Περσέως.
The sentence is an infinitival clause; πάντας is best analyzed as its accusative subject, while τὰ Μακεδόνων τε καὶ Περσέως is an elliptical/substantivized neuter plural object or content phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πάντας | πᾶς | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 φρονῆσαι | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of the infinitive; substantival adjective. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | GAP | _ | 3 φρονῆσαι | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | φρονῆσαι | φρονέω | VERB | V-AAI | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active infinitive, likely completing an omitted governing expression. |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 Μακεδόνων | det | high | Article with substantivized or elliptical neuter plural phrase. |
| 5 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 φρονῆσαι | obj | medium | Genitive plural dependent on the substantivized τὰ; coordinated with Περσέως. |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | GTE | _ | 5 Μακεδόνων | cc | high | First member of correlative coordination. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | GCC | _ | 8 Περσέως | cc | high | Coordinates Περσέως with Μακεδόνων, in combination τε ... καί. |
| 8 | Περσέως | Πέρσης | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Μακεδόνων | conj | high | Genitive singular proper name, coordinated with Μακεδόνων. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 φρονῆσαι | punct | high |
ὁ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἔλεγεν ὑπὸ διδασκαλίᾳ Καλλικράτους·
The subject is implicit (likely the preceding discourse referent); ὑπό with dative expresses being under the instruction/guidance of Καλλικράτης. The exact semantic force of διδασκαλίᾳ is somewhat context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T----NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἔλεγεν | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 5 ἔλεγεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle; counterpart may be elsewhere or implicit. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 5 ἔλεγεν | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ταῦτα | οὗτος | PRON | Pd----N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 ἔλεγεν | obj | high | |
| 5 | ἔλεγεν | λέγω | VERB | V3IAPI-S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Subject is implicit from context. |
| 6 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 διδασκαλίᾳ | case | high | |
| 7 | διδασκαλίᾳ | διδασκαλία | NOUN | N2FS-D---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἔλεγεν | obl | high | Dative governed by ὑπό; denotes instruction or guidance. |
| 8 | Καλλικράτους | Καλλικράτης | PROPN | N3M-GS---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 διδασκαλίᾳ | nmod | high | Personal name in the genitive, dependent on διδασκαλίᾳ. |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 5 ἔλεγεν | punct | high |
ἀναστὰς δὲ μετʼ αὐτὸν Ξένων--- ἦν δὲ ὁ Ξένων οὗτος οὐκ ἐλαχίστου λόγου παρὰ Ἀχαιοῖς--- "οὕτωσ" ἔφη "κατὰ τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχει ταύτην·
The parenthetical ἦν ... clause interrupts the main sequence; ἔφη is the root, with the quoted clause headed by ἔχει.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀναστὰς | ἀνίστημι | VERB | VAAPMSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 5 Ξένων | advcl | high | Aorist participle, temporally prior to the subject's speech. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 ἔφη | cc | high | |
| 3 | μετʼ | μετά | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 αὐτὸν | case | high | Elided form of μετά before vowel. |
| 4 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P3MSA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 5 Ξένων | obl | high | Temporal/sequential μετὰ phrase. |
| 5 | Ξένων | Ξένων | PROPN | NPMNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἔφη | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 7 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 8 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 9 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIAI | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 12 Ξένων | cop | high | Copular verb in parenthetical identification. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 11 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Ξένων | det | high | |
| 12 | Ξένων | Ξένων | PROPN | NPMNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 ἔφη | parataxis | high | Predicate/identificational subject of the parenthetical ἦν clause. |
| 13 | οὗτος | οὗτος | PRON | PD--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 12 Ξένων | det | medium | Postposed demonstrative modifying Ξένων; analyzed as determiner. |
| 14 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D------ | Polarity=Neg | 15 ἐλαχίστου | advmod | high | |
| 15 | ἐλαχίστου | ἐλάχιστος | ADJ | A-SGM | Case=Gen|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 λόγου | amod | high | Genitive superlative in the partitive/quality phrase. |
| 16 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | N-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Ξένων | obl | medium | Genitive phrase dependent on the understood notion of being a person of repute. |
| 17 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 18 Ἀχαιοῖς | case | high | With dative, indicating among/in the estimation of. |
| 18 | Ἀχαιοῖς | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | NPDMP | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Ξένων | obl | high | Dative plural ethnic name. |
| 19 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 21 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 Ξένων | punct | high | Dash punctuation. |
| 22 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἔφη | punct | high | Opening quotation mark. |
| 23 | οὕτωσ | οὕτως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 30 ἔχει | advmod | medium | Likely typographic final-sigma error for οὕτως. |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἔφη | punct | high | Quotation punctuation. |
| 25 | ἔφη | φημί | VERB | V3SIAI | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Speech-reporting verb; embedded quotation follows. |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἔφη | punct | high | Quotation punctuation. |
| 27 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | PREP | _ | 29 αἰτίαν | case | high | With accusative, indicating according to/in respect of. |
| 28 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 29 αἰτίαν | det | high | |
| 29 | αἰτίαν | αἰτία | NOUN | N- SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 ἔχει | obl | high | |
| 30 | ἔχει | ἔχω | VERB | V3SPIA | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Active | 25 ἔφη | ccomp | high | Finite verb of the quoted content clause. |
| 31 | ταύτην | οὗτος | PRON | PD--ASA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 30 ἔχει | obj | high | Accusative object of ἔχει, referring to the stated αἰτίαν. |
| 32 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 25 ἔφη | punct | high | Greek punctuation. |
ἐστρατήγησα μὲν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἐγώ, ἀδικίας δὲ οὐδὲν ἐς Ῥωμαίους οὔτε εὐνοίας μοι μέτεστιν ἐς Περσέα·
The second clause coordinates with the first: μέτεστιν takes a genitive subject-like complement (ἀδικίας ... εὐνοίας), dative possessor μοι, and ἐς-phrases specifying the targets.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐστρατήγησα | στρατηγεῖν | VERB | V-PAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | discourse | high | Correlative μὲν ... δέ. |
| 3 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | obl | high | Genitive with στρατηγεῖν, ‘command the Achaeans’. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 ἐγώ | cc | high | |
| 5 | ἐγώ | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1NS | Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | punct | high | |
| 7 | ἀδικίας | ἀδικία | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 μέτεστιν | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject of μέτεστιν. |
| 8 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 μέτεστιν | cc | high | Correlative counterpart to μὲν. |
| 9 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | P-GSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 15 μέτεστιν | nsubj | medium | Neuter form can be read substantivally as ‘no share/part’; syntactically associated with μέτεστιν. |
| 10 | ἐς | ἐς | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 Ῥωμαίους | case | high | |
| 11 | Ῥωμαίους | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ἀδικίας | obl | high | Object of ἀδικία understood as wrongdoing toward the Romans. |
| 12 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 εὐνοίας | cc | high | Coordinates the second genitive phrase with the preceding one. |
| 13 | εὐνοίας | εὔνοια | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 μέτεστιν | nsubj | high | Genitive subject of μέτεστιν. |
| 14 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 15 μέτεστιν | iobj | high | Dative with μέτεστιν: ‘I have a share’. |
| 15 | μέτεστιν | μέτειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | conj | high | Impersonal/existential construction: ‘there is for me a share’. |
| 16 | ἐς | ἐς | ADP | PREP | _ | 17 Περσέα | case | high | |
| 17 | Περσέα | Περσεύς | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 εὐνοίας | obl | high | Object of εὔνοια, ‘goodwill toward Perseus’. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 1 ἐστρατήγησα | punct | high |
καὶ τοῦδε ἕνεκα ἐθέλω μὲν ἐν συνεδρίῳ τῷ Ἀχαιῶν, ἐθέλω δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ὑπέχειν κρίσιν."
The coordinated ἐθέλω clauses share the understood subject ἐγώ and govern ὑπέχειν κρίσιν; τοῦδε ἕνεκα is a causal prepositional expression, and τῷ Ἀχαιῶν is treated as a dative locative phrase with a genitive dependent on συνεδρίῳ. The final quotation mark is punctuation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Coordinating conjunction | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | cc | high | |
| 2 | τοῦδε | ὅδε | PRON | Pd-gsm | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 3 ἕνεκα | nmod | high | Genitive demonstrative governed by ἕνεκα. |
| 3 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | R | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | case | high | Postpositive/postnominal adposition. |
| 4 | ἐθέλω | ἐθέλω | VERB | V-PAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | discourse | high | Correlative with δὲ. |
| 6 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 7 συνεδρίῳ | case | high | |
| 7 | συνεδρίῳ | συνέδριον | NOUN | N-dsn | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 ὑπέχειν | obl | medium | Dative of venue with ὑπέχειν; semantically an understood setting for the judgment. |
| 8 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | S-dsm | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 συνεδρίῳ | det | high | |
| 9 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | Ne-gpm | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 συνεδρίῳ | nmod | high | Ethnic proper noun used substantivally: 'of the Achaeans'. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἐθέλω | ἐθέλω | VERB | V-PAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ἐθέλω | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Df | _ | 11 ἐθέλω | cc | high | Correlative with μὲν. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Coordinating conjunction | _ | 17 ὑπέχειν | cc | high | Coordinates the second venue phrase with the first. |
| 14 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 16 Ῥωμαίοις | case | high | |
| 15 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-dmp | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 16 Ῥωμαίοις | amod | medium | Attributive/intensive pronoun modifying Ῥωμαίοις: 'the Romans themselves'. |
| 16 | Ῥωμαίοις | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | Ne-dpm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 ὑπέχειν | obl | high | Dative of venue/persons before whom judgment is submitted. |
| 17 | ὑπέχειν | ὑπέχω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 11 ἐθέλω | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of ἐθέλω, shared by both coordinated verbs. |
| 18 | κρίσιν | κρίσις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ὑπέχειν | obj | high | |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | punct | high | |
| 20 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐθέλω | punct | high | Closing quotation mark. |
ὁ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ συνειδότος ἐπαρρησιάζετο ἀγαθοῦ·
The clause is straightforward: ὁ is the substantivized masculine subject, and ὑπὸ συνειδότος ἀγαθοῦ is an instrumental/cause-like genitive phrase with ὑπό.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | article-nom-masc-sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπαρρησιάζετο | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | part | _ | 6 ἐπαρρησιάζετο | discourse | high | Correlative particle; counterpart is not expressed in this sentence. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | part | _ | 6 ἐπαρρησιάζετο | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | prep-gen | _ | 5 συνειδότος | case | high | Takes the genitive here. |
| 5 | συνειδότος | συνείδως | NOUN | gen-masc-sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐπαρρησιάζετο | obl | medium | Substantivized genitive, ‘of a good conscience’; lexical parsing of συνειδότος is somewhat variable. |
| 6 | ἐπαρρησιάζετο | ἐπαρρησιάζομαι | VERB | imperf-mid-ind-3sg | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | ἀγαθοῦ | ἀγαθός | ADJ | gen-masc-sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 συνειδότος | amod | high | Modifies the substantivized genitive συνειδότος. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐπαρρησιάζετο | punct | high |