Grammar parses for passage 7.11.4
Open translation for this passage
ὁ μὲν δὴ τὰ ἐντεταλμένα ἐποίει, Ἀθηναίων δὲ ὁ δῆμος ἀνάγκῃ πλέον ἢ ἑκουσίως διαρπάζουσιν Ὠρωπὸν ὑπήκοόν σφισιν οὖσαν·
The sentence has an apparent person/number mismatch: ὁ δῆμος is singular, but διαρπάζουσιν is third-person plural; the plural verb is retained as given and analyzed with the Athenian people as its semantic subject. Ὠρωπόν is object, while ὑπήκοον ... οὖσαν is a predicative accusative participial adjunct referring to it; σφισιν is dative of subordination/relationship.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἐποίει | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | DT | _ | 6 ἐποίει | discourse | high | Correlative particle, answered by δέ. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | DT | _ | 6 ἐποίει | discourse | high | |
| 4 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | RA-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 ἐντεταλμένα | det | high | |
| 5 | ἐντεταλμένα | ἐντέλλω | VERB | VPAP-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 6 ἐποίει | obj | high | Substantivized perfect middle/passive participle, ‘the things ordered’. |
| 6 | ἐποίει | ποιέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Subject is the masculine singular demonstrative/article phrase ὁ μέν, understood from context. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐποίει | punct | high | |
| 8 | Ἀθηναίων | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | N-GP | Case=Gen|Number=Plur | 11 δῆμος | nmod | high | Genitive identifying the δῆμος. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μὲν. |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 δῆμος | det | high | |
| 11 | δῆμος | δῆμος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | nsubj | medium | Syntactic singular subject despite the following plural verb. |
| 12 | ἀνάγκῃ | ἀνάγκη | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | obl | high | Dative of circumstance or compulsion, ‘under necessity’. |
| 13 | πλέον | πολύς | ADV | D-ASN | Degree=Cmp | 15 ἑκουσίως | advmod | medium | Adverbial comparative, modifying ἑκουσίως in the contrastive phrase. |
| 14 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 15 ἑκουσίως | cc | high | Comparative/alternative conjunction. |
| 15 | ἑκουσίως | ἑκουσίως | ADV | D | _ | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | advmod | high | ‘Willingly’; with πλέον ἢ, ‘rather than willingly’. |
| 16 | διαρπάζουσιν | διαρπάζω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | conj | high | Coordinated with ἐποίει; form is third-person plural, mismatching singular δῆμος. |
| 17 | Ὠρωπὸν | Ὠρωπός | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | obj | high | |
| 18 | ὑπήκοόν | ὑπήκοος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 οὖσαν | xcomp | high | Predicative accusative adjective with οὖσαν, agreeing with Ὠρωπόν. |
| 19 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | RP-D3P | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 18 ὑπήκοόν | obl | medium | Dative of relation/subordination with ὑπήκοον. |
| 20 | οὖσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAP-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | advcl | high | Accusative feminine singular participle, agreeing with understood πόλιν or χώραν; ὑπήκοον is predicative and refers semantically to Ὠρωπόν. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 διαρπάζουσιν | punct | high |
πενίας γὰρ ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον Ἀθηναῖοι τηνικαῦτα ἧκον ἅτε ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων πολέμῳ πιεσθέντες μάλιστα Ἑλλήνων.
The sentence means that the Athenians had reached the extreme of poverty because they had been especially hard-pressed by the Macedonians in war; ἧκον is treated as a past indicative form, though its tense interpretation is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πενίας | πενία | NOUN | n-s---af- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἧκον | obl | high | Accusative of extent/result: 'to the extreme of poverty'. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | g-------- | _ | 8 ἧκον | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r-------- | _ | 5 ἔσχατον | case | high | Variant of εἰς governing the accusative. |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἔσχατον | det | high | Article substantivizing the adjective. |
| 5 | ἔσχατον | ἔσχατος | ADJ | a-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἧκον | obl | high | Substantivized neuter accusative, object of ἐς. |
| 6 | Ἀθηναῖοι | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἧκον | nsubj | high | Subject of ἧκον. |
| 7 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | d-------- | _ | 8 ἧκον | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, 'at that time'. |
| 8 | ἧκον | ἥκω | VERB | v1saia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form is morphologically ambiguous with imperfect; context favors a past indicative form meaning 'had reached'. |
| 9 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | c-------- | _ | 13 πιεσθέντες | mark | high | Introduces a causal/explanatory participial clause. |
| 10 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | r-------- | _ | 11 Μακεδόνων | case | high | Agent preposition governing the genitive. |
| 11 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 πιεσθέντες | obl:agent | high | Agent of πιεσθέντες. |
| 12 | πολέμῳ | πόλεμος | NOUN | n-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 πιεσθέντες | obl | high | Dative of means or circumstance with πιέζω. |
| 13 | πιεσθέντες | πιέζω | VERB | v-sappmn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 8 ἧκον | advcl | high | Aorist passive participle agreeing with Ἀθηναῖοι; causal under ἅτε. |
| 14 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | d-------- | _ | 13 πιεσθέντες | advmod | high | Adverb modifying πιεσθέντες, 'most/severely'. |
| 15 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | n-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 μάλιστα | obl | high | Partitive genitive with μάλιστα: 'most of the Greeks'. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἧκον | punct | high |
καταφεύγουσιν οὖν ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥωμαίων βουλὴν οἱ Ὠρώπιοι·
The finite verb καταφεύγουσιν takes οἱ Ὠρώπιοι as its subject; ἐπί with the accusative introduces the goal, τὴν βουλήν, modified by the genitive Ῥωμαίων.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καταφεύγουσιν | καταφεύγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D | _ | 1 καταφεύγουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 6 βουλὴν | case | high | |
| 4 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA-AS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 βουλὴν | det | high | |
| 5 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 βουλὴν | nmod | high | |
| 6 | βουλὴν | βουλή | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 καταφεύγουσιν | obl | high | |
| 7 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 Ὠρώπιοι | det | high | |
| 8 | Ὠρώπιοι | Ὠρώπιος | PROPN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 καταφεύγουσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 καταφεύγουσιν | punct | high |
καὶ δόξαντες παθεῖν οὐ δίκαια, καὶ ἐπεστάλη Σικυωνίοις ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς ἐπιβάλλειν σφᾶς Ἀθηναίοις ἐς Ὠρωπίους ζημίαν κατὰ τῆς βλάβης ἧς ἦρξαν τὴν ἀξίαν.
The main predicate is impersonal passive ἐπεστάλη, with Σικυωνίοις as recipients and ἐπιβάλλειν as its infinitival content; ζημίαν ... τὴν ἀξίαν is the imposed penalty, while ἧς ἦρξαν is a relative clause with genitive object.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ἐπεστάλη | cc | high | |
| 2 | δόξαντες | δοκέω | VERB | V-AAP-NPM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 8 ἐπεστάλη | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, with subject understood as the later recipients. |
| 3 | παθεῖν | πάσχω | VERB | V-2AAN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 2 δόξαντες | xcomp | high | |
| 4 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | Polarity=Neg | 5 δίκαια | advmod | high | |
| 5 | δίκαια | δίκαιος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 3 παθεῖν | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural, ‘things not just’; accusative with παθεῖν. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐπεστάλη | punct | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 ἐπεστάλη | cc | high | |
| 8 | ἐπεστάλη | ἐπιστέλλω | VERB | V-API-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=Third|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Passive | 0 ROOT | root | high | Passive impersonal/main predicate: an order was sent. |
| 9 | Σικυωνίοις | Σικυώνιος | PROPN | A-DPM | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 8 ἐπεστάλη | iobj | high | Recipients of the order. |
| 10 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | P | _ | 12 βουλῆς | case | high | |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 12 βουλῆς | det | high | |
| 12 | βουλῆς | βουλή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 8 ἐπεστάλη | obl:agent | high | Agent of the passive ἐπεστάλη. |
| 13 | ἐπιβάλλειν | ἐπιβάλλω | VERB | V-PA瞭N | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 8 ἐπεστάλη | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of the order. |
| 14 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-APM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural|PronType=Prs | 13 ἐπιβάλλειν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἐπιβάλλειν. |
| 15 | Ἀθηναίοις | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-DPM | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 13 ἐπιβάλλειν | iobj | high | Dative with ἐπιβάλλω, the party on whom the penalty is imposed. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 17 Ὠρωπίους | case | high | |
| 17 | Ὠρωπίους | Ὠρωπός | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 13 ἐπιβάλλειν | obl | medium | Place/community designation governed by ἐς; syntactically associated with the Athenian matter. |
| 18 | ζημίαν | ζημία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 13 ἐπιβάλλειν | obj | high | |
| 19 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | P | _ | 21 βλάβης | case | high | |
| 20 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 21 βλάβης | det | high | |
| 21 | βλάβης | βλάβη | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 18 ζημίαν | nmod | high | κατά with genitive: in consequence of / on account of the injury. |
| 22 | ἧς | ὅς | PRON | P-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular|PronType=Rel | 23 ἦρξαν | obj | high | Relative pronoun, object of ἦρξαν. |
| 23 | ἦρξαν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=Third|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 21 βλάβης | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying βλάβης; ἄρχω takes a genitive object. |
| 24 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 25 ἀξίαν | det | high | |
| 25 | ἀξίαν | ἀξία | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 18 ζημίαν | amod | medium | Substantive accusative modifying ζημίαν: penalty equal to its worth. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐπεστάλη | punct | high |