Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 7.12.2

← 7.12.1 7.12.3 →

Passage 7.12.2

Open translation for this passage

3sentences parsed

85Greek tokens

2,583input tokens

6,367output tokens

Sentence 1

7.12.2 sentence 1

Tokens: 36
Input: 934
Output: 2,585
Total: 3,519

βεβαιοῖ δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον ὡς ἄρʼ ἦν καὶ πῦρ ἐς πλέον ἄλλου πυρὸς καῖον καὶ λύκος ἀγριώτερος λύκων ἄλλων καὶ ὠκύτερος ἱέραξ ἱέρακος πέτεσθαι, εἴγε καὶ Καλλικράτην ἀνοσιώτατον τῶν τότε Μεναλκίδας μὲν ὑπερῆρεν ἀπιστίᾳ,

The sentence has an accusative-and-infinitive-like λέγεται construction after βεβαιοῖ, with ὡς introducing the content; the coordinated comparative images are predicative, and εἴγε introduces the concluding conditional clause. The attachment of ἀπιστίᾳ is construed as a dative of respect/means with ὑπερῆρεν; some ellipsis and comparative syntax remain interpretively uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	βεβαιοῖ	βεβαιόω	VERB	V-PAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
2	δὴ	δή	PART	PART	_	1 βεβαιοῖ	discourse	high
3	τὸ	ὁ	DET	T-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	4 λεγόμενον	det	high
4	λεγόμενον	λέγω	VERB	V-PMP-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	1 βεβαιοῖ	nsubj	medium	Substantivized present passive participle, ‘the saying/statement’.
5	ὡς	ὡς	SCONJ	CONJ	_	7 ἦν	mark	medium	Introduces the content clause.
6	ἄρʼ	ἄρα	PART	PART	_	7 ἦν	discourse	high	Elided form before vowel.
7	ἦν	εἰμί	AUX	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	1 βεβαιοῖ	ccomp	medium	Copular/locative predicate for the coordinated comparison; exact scope is elliptical.
8	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	9 πῦρ	cc	high
9	πῦρ	πῦρ	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	7 ἦν	nsubj	medium	First member of the coordinated comparison.
10	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	_	11 πλέον	case	high
11	πλέον	πολύς	ADJ	A-ASN-C	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	14 καῖον	obl	medium	Accusative of extent with ἐς; substantival comparative.
12	ἄλλου	ἄλλος	PRON	A-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	13 πυρὸς	det	high
13	πυρὸς	πῦρ	NOUN	N-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	11 πλέον	nmod	medium	Comparative genitive, despite the attributive ἄλλου.
14	καῖον	καίω	VERB	V-PAP-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	9 πῦρ	acl	medium	Predicative participle modifying πῦρ.
15	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	16 λύκος	cc	high
16	λύκος	λύκος	NOUN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 ἦν	nsubj	medium	Coordinated comparison subject.
17	ἀγριώτερος	ἄγριος	ADJ	A-NSM-C	Case=Nom\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	16 λύκος	amod	high
18	λύκων	λύκος	NOUN	N-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	17 ἀγριώτερος	nmod	high	Comparative genitive.
19	ἄλλων	ἄλλος	ADJ	A-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	18 λύκων	amod	high
20	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	21 ὠκύτερος	cc	high
21	ὠκύτερος	ὠκύς	ADJ	A-NSM-C	Case=Nom\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	22 ἱέραξ	amod	high
22	ἱέραξ	ἱέραξ	NOUN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 ἦν	nsubj	medium	Coordinated comparison subject.
23	ἱέρακος	ἱέραξ	NOUN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	21 ὠκύτερος	nmod	high	Comparative genitive.
24	πέτεσθαι	πέτομαι	VERB	V-PMN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	21 ὠκύτερος	xcomp	medium	Infinitive completes the comparative idea ‘swifter to fly’; voice/lemma are conventional for the deponent sense.
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	7 ἦν	punct	high
26	εἴγε	εἴγε	SCONJ	CONJ	_	34 ὑπερῆρεν	mark	high	Conditional subordinator.
27	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	28 Καλλικράτην	cc	high
28	Καλλικράτην	Καλλικράτης	PROPN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	34 ὑπερῆρεν	obj	high
29	ἀνοσιώτατον	ἀνόσιος	ADJ	A-ASM-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Sup\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	28 Καλλικράτην	xcomp	high	Predicative superlative complement of Καλλικράτην.
30	τῶν	ὁ	DET	T-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	32 Μεναλκίδας	det	high
31	τότε	τότε	ADV	ADV	_	32 Μεναλκίδας	advmod	high	Temporal adverb, ‘then/at that time’.
32	Μεναλκίδας	Μεναλκίδας	PROPN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	34 ὑπερῆρεν	nsubj	high
33	μὲν	μέν	PART	PART	_	34 ὑπερῆρεν	discourse	high	Correlative particle; counterpart may follow outside the excerpt.
34	ὑπερῆρεν	ὑπερέχω	VERB	V-AAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	7 ἦν	advcl	medium	Main verb of the εἴγε clause; form may represent aorist of ὑπερέχω.
35	ἀπιστίᾳ	ἀπιστία	NOUN	N-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	34 ὑπερῆρεν	obl	medium	Dative of respect or means: ‘in/by incredulity’; attachment is interpretive.
36	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	34 ὑπερῆρεν	punct	high

Sentence 2

7.12.2 sentence 2

Tokens: 27
Input: 856
Output: 2,000
Total: 2,856

Καλλικράτην, ὃς ἐλάσσων παντοίου λήμματος καὶ ἐπὶ οὐδενὶ οἰκείῳ κέρδει πόλει τῇ Ἀθηναίων ἀπηχθημένος παυσάμενον μὲν τῆς ἀρχῆς Μεναλκίδαν ἐδίωκεν ἐν τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς θανάτου δίκην·

Main predicate ἐδίωκεν takes Καλλικράτην as object and Μεναλκίδαν as object; the relative clause ὃς ... ἀπηχθημένος modifies Καλλικράτην. The participle παυσάμενον agrees with Μεναλκίδαν and is coordinated with μὲν, with the corresponding δέ omitted/continuing in the main clause.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Καλλικράτην	Καλλικράτης	PROPN	N----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	21 ἐδίωκεν	obj	high
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	1 Καλλικράτην	punct	high
3	ὃς	ὅς	PRON	P---NMS-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	15 ἀπηχθημένος	nsubj	high	Relative pronoun refers to Καλλικράτην.
4	ἐλάσσων	ἐλάσσων	ADJ	A----NMS-	Case=Nom\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	15 ἀπηχθημένος	advcl	medium	Predicative comparative participial/clausal modifier; finite verb is understood.
5	παντοίου	παντοῖος	ADJ	A----GNS-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	6 λήμματος	amod	high
6	λήμματος	λῆμμα	NOUN	N----GNS-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	4 ἐλάσσων	obl	medium	Genitive of comparison with ἐλάσσων.
7	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	15 ἀπηχθημένος	cc	high
8	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R--------	_	11 κέρδει	case	high
9	οὐδενὶ	οὐδείς	DET	A----DNS-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	11 κέρδει	det	high
10	οἰκείῳ	οἰκεῖος	ADJ	A----DNS-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	11 κέρδει	amod	high
11	κέρδει	κέρδος	NOUN	N----DNS-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	15 ἀπηχθημένος	obl	high	Dative governed by ἐπί.
12	πόλει	πόλις	NOUN	N----DFS-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	15 ἀπηχθημένος	obl	medium	Dative of affected party with ἀπηχθημένος.
13	τῇ	ὁ	DET	L----DFS-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	12 πόλει	det	high
14	Ἀθηναίων	Ἀθηναῖος	PROPN	A----GPM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	12 πόλει	nmod	high	Genitive identifying the city.
15	ἀπηχθημένος	ἀπεχθάνομαι	VERB	V-RMP-NMS-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Pass	21 ἐδίωκεν	acl:relcl	medium	Perfect passive participle, coordinated semantically with ἐλάσσων; construed as predicate of ὃς.
16	παυσάμενον	παύω	VERB	V-AMP-ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	20 Μεναλκίδαν	advcl	high	Agrees with Μεναλκίδαν.
17	μὲν	μέν	PART	G--------	_	16 παυσάμενον	discourse	high	Correlative μὲν; δε is absent or outside the excerpt.
18	τῆς	ὁ	DET	L----GFS-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	19 ἀρχῆς	det	high
19	ἀρχῆς	ἀρχή	NOUN	N----GFS-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	16 παυσάμενον	obl	high	Genitive complement of παυσάμενον.
20	Μεναλκίδαν	Μεναλκίδας	PROPN	N----ASM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	21 ἐδίωκεν	obj	high
21	ἐδίωκεν	διώκω	VERB	V-IAI-3S-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
22	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	R--------	_	24 Ἀχαιοῖς	case	high
23	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	L----DPM-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	24 Ἀχαιοῖς	det	high
24	Ἀχαιοῖς	Ἀχαιός	PROPN	A----DPM-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	21 ἐδίωκεν	obl	high
25	θανάτου	θάνατος	NOUN	N----GMS-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	26 δίκην	nmod	high
26	δίκην	δίκη	NOUN	N----AFS-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	21 ἐδίωκεν	obl	high	Fixed legal expression θανάτου δίκην, ‘a charge/action for death’.
27	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	21 ἐδίωκεν	punct	high

Sentence 3

7.12.2 sentence 3

Tokens: 22
Input: 793
Output: 1,782
Total: 2,575

πρεσβεῦσαί τε γὰρ Ἀχαιῶν ἐναντία ἔφασκεν αὐτὸν ἐς Ῥώμην καὶ ἐς τὰ μάλιστα γενέσθαι πρόθυμον ἐξελέσθαι τὴν Σπάρτην συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν.

The construction reports that he claimed the Achaeans’ embassy and that he was especially eager to go to Rome, while also choosing Sparta out of the Achaean council; the coordination and attachment of ἐξελέσθαι are somewhat ambiguous.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	πρεσβεῦσαί	πρεσβεύω	VERB	V-PAI-3S	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aorist\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Active	6 ἔφασκεν	csubj	medium	Aorist active infinitive, coordinated by τε; likely subject of ἔφασκεν in indirect statement.
2	τε	τε	CCONJ	CONJ	_	1 πρεσβεῦσαί	cc	high	Postpositive coordinating particle.
3	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	CONJ	_	6 ἔφασκεν	discourse	high	Explanatory postpositive particle.
4	Ἀχαιῶν	Ἀχαιός	PROPN	N-GP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	1 πρεσβεῦσαί	obl	medium	Genitive plural, probably associated with πρεσβεῦσαι: serving as ambassadors of the Achaeans.
5	ἐναντία	ἐναντίος	ADJ	A-APN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	14 γενέσθαι	advmod	medium	Neuter plural accusative used adverbially, ‘contrary/opposite’; scope within the infinitival construction.
6	ἔφασκεν	φάσκω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imperfect\|Voice=Active	0 ROOT	root	high	Main finite verb.
7	αὐτὸν	αὐτός	PRON	P-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Prs	14 γενέσθαι	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive γενέσθαι.
8	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	_	9 Ῥώμην	case	high	Preposition governing Ῥώμην.
9	Ῥώμην	Ῥώμη	PROPN	N-AS	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	14 γενέσθαι	obl	high	Accusative of destination with ἐς.
10	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	11 ἐς	cc	high	Coordinates the two ἐς-phrases.
11	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	PREP	_	12 τὰ	case	high	Preposition governing τὰ μάλιστα.
12	τὰ	ὁ	DET	T-APN	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	13 μάλιστα	det	high	Article substantivizing μάλιστα.
13	μάλιστα	μάλιστα	ADV	D-S	Degree=Sup	14 γενέσθαι	obl	high	Substantivized superlative adverb in the phrase τὰ μάλιστα, ‘especially/most of all’.
14	γενέσθαι	γίγνομαι	VERB	V-2AMN	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aorist\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Medium	6 ἔφασκεν	ccomp	high	Aorist middle infinitive, complement of ἔφασκεν; αὐτόν is its accusative subject.
15	πρόθυμον	πρόθυμος	ADJ	A-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	14 γενέσθαι	xcomp	high	Predicate accusative adjective agreeing with αὐτόν, predicated through γενέσθαι.
16	ἐξελέσθαι	ἐξαιρέω	VERB	V-AMS	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aorist\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Middle	6 ἔφασκεν	ccomp	medium	Aorist middle infinitive coordinated with γενέσθαι or dependent in the same reported construction; middle means ‘choose/select for oneself’.
17	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	18 Σπάρτην	det	high	Article with Σπάρτην.
18	Σπάρτην	Σπάρτη	PROPN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	16 ἐξελέσθαι	obj	high	Accusative object of ἐξελέσθαι.
19	συνεδρίου	συνέδριον	NOUN	N-GN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	18 Σπάρτην	nmod	medium	Genitive of separation or relation with Σπάρτην: selecting Sparta out of/from the council.
20	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T-GSN	Case=Gen\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	19 συνεδρίου	det	high	Article with συνεδρίου.
21	Ἀχαιῶν	Ἀχαιός	PROPN	N-GP	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	19 συνεδρίου	nmod	high	Dependent genitive specifying the council: the council of the Achaeans.
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	6 ἔφασκεν	punct	high	Sentence-final punctuation.

← 7.12.1 7.12.3 →