Grammar parses for passage 7.13.8
Open translation for this passage
ἐξεγείρας δὲ αὖθις Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς πόλεμον ἐν ἐγκλήμασί τε ἦν ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ--- οὐ γάρ τινα ἐκ τοῦ προσδοκωμένου κινδύνου Λακεδαιμονίοις σωτηρίαν εὕρισκεν---ἀφίησιν ἑκουσίως τὴν ψυχὴν πιὼν φάρμακον.
The participle ἐξεγείρας introduces the causal/background action; ἦν governs the periphrastic passive phrase ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ... ἐν ἐγκλήμασιν (with omitted/elliptical complement), while εὕρισκεν takes σωτηρίαν as object and ἀφίησιν is coordinated after the dash. The repeated Λακεδαιμονίοις is dative of reference/interest; punctuation-like hyphens are retained as tokens and attached loosely.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐξεγείρας | ἐξεγείρω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 11 ἦν | advcl | high | Aorist active participle, subject understood as the later subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐξεγείρας | cc | high | |
| 3 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | ADV | _ | 1 ἐξεγείρας | advmod | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πόλεμον | iobj | high | Dative with πόλεμον, denoting party against whom war is raised. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 Ἀχαιοῖς | cc | high | |
| 6 | Ἀχαιοῖς | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 Λακεδαιμονίοις | conj | high | Coordinated with Λακεδαιμονίοις. |
| 7 | πόλεμον | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἐξεγείρας | obj | high | Object of ἐξεγείρας. |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 9 ἐγκλήμασί | case | high | |
| 9 | ἐγκλήμασί | ἔγκλημα | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἦν | obl | medium | Likely phrase ἐν ἐγκλήμασιν, in accusations/charges; syntax with ἦν is somewhat elliptical. |
| 10 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἦν | cc | medium | Postpositive enclitic; connective force is weak in the elliptical clause. |
| 11 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Main finite verb for the first syntactic segment; likely elliptical with ὑπό phrase. |
| 12 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 πολιτῶν | case | high | |
| 13 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 πολιτῶν | det | high | |
| 14 | πολιτῶν | πολίτης | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἦν | obl:agent | high | Agent of an understood passive notion, or source of the charges. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 32 ἀφίησιν | cc | medium | Likely coordinates the preceding clause with the following narrative action across the dash. |
| 16 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἦν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἦν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 18 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἦν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 19 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 28 εὕρισκεν | advmod | high | |
| 20 | γάρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 εὕρισκεν | discourse | medium | Explanatory connective; UD relation represented as discourse. |
| 21 | τινα | τις | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 27 σωτηρίαν | det | medium | Indefinite τινα modifying or agreeing substantivally with σωτηρίαν; form is masculine accusative. |
| 22 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 25 κινδύνου | case | high | |
| 23 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 προσδοκωμένου | det | high | |
| 24 | προσδοκωμένου | προσδοκάω | VERB | V-PPP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Present|Voice=Passive | 25 κινδύνου | amod | high | Substantive/attributive participle with κινδύνου. |
| 25 | κινδύνου | κίνδυνος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 σωτηρίαν | obl | high | Object of ἐκ. |
| 26 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 σωτηρίαν | iobj | high | Dative of reference: salvation for the Lacedaemonians. |
| 27 | σωτηρίαν | σωτηρία | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 εὕρισκεν | obj | high | Direct object of εὕρισκεν. |
| 28 | εὕρισκεν | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 32 ἀφίησιν | advcl | high | Finite verb in explanatory parenthesis; subject is understood. |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 εὕρισκεν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 30 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 εὕρισκεν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 31 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 εὕρισκεν | punct | high | Dash retained as supplied. |
| 32 | ἀφίησιν | ἀφίημι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 11 ἦν | conj | high | Coordinated main action; present historic/narrative present. |
| 33 | ἑκουσίως | ἑκουσίως | ADV | ADV | _ | 32 ἀφίησιν | advmod | high | |
| 34 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 ψυχὴν | det | high | |
| 35 | ψυχὴν | ψυχή | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 32 ἀφίησιν | obj | high | Object of ἀφίησιν. |
| 36 | πιὼν | πίνω | VERB | V-2AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 32 ἀφίησιν | advcl | high | Aorist participle, prior action; subject coreferential with ἀφίησιν. |
| 37 | φάρμακον | φάρμακον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 36 πιὼν | obj | high | Object of πιών. |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἦν | punct | high |
καὶ Μεκαλκίδᾳ μὲν τέλος τοιοῦτον ἐγένετο, ἄρξαντι ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ νῷ τότε μὲν Λακεδαιμονίων ὡς ἂν ὁ ἀμαθέστατος στρατηγός, πρότερον δὲ ἔτι τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν ἔθνους ὡς ἀνθρώπων ὁ ἀδικώτατος.
The sentence uses a dative participial construction (Μεκαλκίδᾳ ... ἄρξαντι) with an elliptical, parallel ὡς ... ὡς ... characterization; the second στρατηγός-like predicate is omitted and represented as a conjunct of the first.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | cc | high | |
| 2 | Μεκαλκίδᾳ | Μεκαλκίδας | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐγένετο | nsubj | medium | Proper name in dative with τέλος γενέσθαι; likely dative of reference/possession rather than nominative subject. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 2 Μεκαλκίδᾳ | discourse | high | |
| 4 | τέλος | τέλος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | |
| 5 | τοιοῦτον | τοιοῦτος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 τέλος | amod | high | Predicative adjective agreeing with τέλος. |
| 6 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AOI-3S | Aspect=Perfective|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἄρξαντι | ἄρχω | VERB | V-AAP-DSM | Aspect=Perfective|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 6 ἐγένετο | advcl | medium | Dative circumstantial participle, coreferential with Μεκαλκίδᾳ; temporal/concessive force is possible. |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 12 νῷ | case | high | |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 νῷ | det | high | |
| 11 | ἑαυτοῦ | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 12 νῷ | nmod | high | |
| 12 | νῷ | νοῦς | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἄρξαντι | obl | high | ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ νῷ: idiomatic locative expression, 'in his own mind'. |
| 13 | τότε | τότε | ADV | _ | _ | 16 ὡς | advmod | high | |
| 14 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 16 ὡς | discourse | high | |
| 15 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 στρατηγός | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on στρατηγός. |
| 16 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 20 στρατηγός | mark | medium | Introduces a comparative/characterizing clause with ἂν and superlative. |
| 17 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | _ | _ | 20 στρατηγός | advmod | high | Modal particle with implied optative/characterizing construction. |
| 18 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ἀμαθέστατος | det | high | |
| 19 | ἀμαθέστατος | ἀμαθής | ADJ | A-NSM-SUP | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 στρατηγός | amod | high | Substantivized superlative, 'the most ignorant'. |
| 20 | στρατηγός | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἄρξαντι | xcomp | medium | Predicate characterization of the participial subject; nominative despite dative absolute-like construction. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 στρατηγός | punct | high | |
| 22 | πρότερον | πρότερον | ADV | _ | Degree=Cmp | 28 ὡς | advmod | high | |
| 23 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 28 ὡς | cc | high | |
| 24 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | _ | _ | 28 ὡς | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying the earlier comparison. |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ἔθνους | det | high | |
| 26 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 27 ἔθνους | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἔθνους. |
| 27 | ἔθνους | ἔθνος | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἀδικώτατος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on the implicit/elliptical στρατηγός relation; phrase means 'of the Achaean people'. |
| 28 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 31 ἀδικώτατος | mark | medium | Parallel characterizing/comparative construction; syntax is elliptical. |
| 29 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 31 ἀδικώτατος | nmod | high | Genitive of comparison or superlative dependence with ἀδικώτατος. |
| 30 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 ἀδικώτατος | det | high | |
| 31 | ἀδικώτατος | ἄδικος | ADJ | A-NSM-SUP | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 στρατηγός | conj | medium | Elliptical parallel predicate to στρατηγός; likely 'the most unjust of men'. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐγένετο | punct | high |