Grammar parses for passage 7.14.1
Open translation for this passage
ἀφίκοντο δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ οἱ ἀποσταλέντες ἐκ Ῥώμης Λακεδαιμονίοις δικασταὶ καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς γενέσθαι, ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ὀρέστης·
The main syntactic challenge is the participial phrase ἀποσταλέντες ἐκ Ῥώμης ... γενέσθαι, which is attached as a complement-like modifier of the main clause; the dative labels to Λακεδαιμονίοις and Ἀχαιοῖς are treated as coordinated modifiers of δικασταί.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀφίκοντο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-2AAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 5 Ἑλλάδα | case | high | Preposition governing Ἑλλάδα. |
| 4 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | L-ASF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | Article modifying Ἑλλάδα. |
| 5 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀφίκοντο | obl | high | Goal/location phrase with ἐς. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 οἱ | cc | high | Coordinates the noun phrase. |
| 7 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NMP | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 δικασταὶ | det | high | Article with participle as substantivized modifier. |
| 8 | ἀποσταλέντες | ἀποστέλλω | VERB | V-APP-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 12 δικασταὶ | amod | medium | Attributive participle modifying δικασταὶ. |
| 9 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 10 Ῥώμης | case | high | Preposition governing Ῥώμης. |
| 10 | Ῥώμης | Ῥώμη | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀποσταλέντες | obl | high | Source phrase dependent on participle. |
| 11 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 δικασταὶ | amod | high | Dative modifier of δικασταῖς, likely appositional/associative. |
| 12 | δικασταὶ | δικαστής | NOUN | N-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀφίκοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀφίκοντο. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 Ἀχαιοῖς | cc | high | Coordinates Ἀχαιοῖς with Λακεδαιμονίοις. |
| 14 | Ἀχαιοῖς | Ἀχαιός | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 δικασταὶ | conj | high | Second coordinated dative modifier. |
| 15 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2AMN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 1 ἀφίκοντο | xcomp | medium | Complementary infinitive; exact attachment somewhat uncertain. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 17 | ἄλλοι | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 Ὀρέστης | amod | high | Modifier of Ὀρέστης in appositive coordination. |
| 18 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 17 ἄλλοι | discourse | medium | Enclitic connective in correlative phrase. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 20 Ὀρέστης | cc | high | Coordinates ἄλλοι with Ὀρέστης. |
| 20 | Ὀρέστης | Ὀρέστης | PROPN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 δικασταὶ | conj | high | Appositive/coordinate nominative with δικασταί. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ὁ δὲ τούς τε ἐν ἑκάστῃ πόλει τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔχοντας τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ Δίαιον ἐκάλει παρʼ αὑτόν.
The first article ὁ is taken as the subject of ἐκάλει, while the participial phrase ἔχοντας τὰς ἀρχάς with its modifiers forms the direct object phrase; παρʼ αὑτόν is an oblique complement.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA-------- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἐκάλει | nsubj | high | Article functioning substantively with implied subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 15 ἐκάλει | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | τούς | ὁ | DET | RA-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἔχοντας | det | high | Article modifying participle. |
| 4 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 3 τούς | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 5 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R--------- | _ | 7 πόλει | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 6 | ἑκάστῃ | ἕκαστος | ADJ | A--FD-S--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 πόλει | amod | high | Attributive adjective. |
| 7 | πόλει | πόλις | NOUN | N--FD-S--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἔχοντας | obl | high | Within prepositional phrase modifying participle. |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | Article. |
| 9 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | Ne-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πόλει | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of πόλει. |
| 10 | ἔχοντας | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAP-AMP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἐκάλει | obj | medium | Participial object-like accusative agreeing with article; syntactically a substantive participle. |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | RA-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 ἀρχὰς | det | high | Article. |
| 12 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N--FA-P--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 ἔχοντας | obj | high | Object of participle ἔχοντας. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 14 Δίαιον | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 14 | Δίαιον | Δίαιος | PROPN | Ne-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκάλει | obj | high | Coordinated object of ἐκάλει. |
| 15 | ἐκάλει | καλέω | VERB | V-IAI-3S--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 16 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | R--------- | _ | 17 αὑτόν | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 17 | αὑτόν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | A--AM-S--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 15 ἐκάλει | obl | high | Reflexive pronoun in prepositional phrase. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐκάλει | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
ἀφικομένοις δὲ ἔνθα ἔτυχεν αὐτὸς ἐσῳκισμένος, ἀπεγύμνου τὸν πάντα σφίσιν ἤδη λόγον, ὡς δίκαια ἡγοῖτο ἡ Ῥωμαίων βουλὴ μήτε Λακεδαιμονίους τελεῖν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν μήτε αὐτὴν Κόρινθον, ἀφεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ Ἄργος καὶ Ἡράκλειαν τὴν πρὸς Οἴτῃ καὶ Ὀρχομενίους Ἀρκάδας συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν·
The syntax is layered: a participial opening and parenthetical ἔτυχεν clause lead into the main verb ἀπεγύμνου, whose content includes indirect statement with coordinated infinitives and list-like accusative objects.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀφικομένοις | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | PAP-MPN | Case=Dative|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 4 ἔτυχεν | advcl | high | Dative absolute-like participial clause modifying ἀπεγύμνου. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 4 ἔτυχεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | ADV | _ | 4 ἔτυχεν | advmod | high | Locative adverb. |
| 4 | ἔτυχεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | AOR ACT IND 3SG | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | advcl | medium | Likely parenthetical clause with ἔνθα. |
| 5 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | X | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐσῳκισμένος | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐσῳκισμένος. |
| 6 | ἐσῳκισμένος | οἰκίζω | VERB | X | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perfect|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Middle | 4 ἔτυχεν | advcl | medium | Perfect participle; exact lexical form uncertain, likely from οἰκίζω. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἔτυχεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 8 | ἀπεγύμνου | ἀπογυμνόω | VERB | VIAI3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | ATH-ASM | Case=Accusative|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 λόγον | det | high | Article modifying λόγον. |
| 10 | πάντα | πᾶς | ADJ | ATR-ASM | Case=Accusative|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 λόγον | amod | high | Modifies λόγον. |
| 11 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P3-DP | Case=Dative|Number=Plural|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 13 λόγον | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/interest. |
| 12 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 13 λόγον | advmod | high | Adverb modifying λόγον. |
| 13 | λόγον | λόγος | NOUN | N-SM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | obj | high | Direct object of ἀπεγύμνου. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 15 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | SCONJ | _ | 17 ἡγοῖτο | mark | high | Introduces indirect statement. |
| 16 | δίκαια | δίκαιος | ADJ | ATR-ANP | Case=Accusative|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plural | 17 ἡγοῖτο | obj | low | Adverbial/accusative neuter plural used predicatively with ἡγοῖτο; parsing uncertain. |
| 17 | ἡγοῖτο | ἡγέομαι | VERB | VPMI3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | ccomp | high | Content clause governed by ἀπεγύμνου. |
| 18 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | ATR-NSF | Case=Nominative|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 βουλὴ | det | high | Article modifying βουλή. |
| 19 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | ADJ | ATR-GPM | Case=Genitive|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 20 βουλὴ | amod | high | Genitive modifier of βουλή. |
| 20 | βουλὴ | βουλή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nominative|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἡγοῖτο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἡγοῖτο. |
| 21 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 τελεῖν | cc | high | Correlative coordinator. |
| 22 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | ADJ | ATR-APM | Case=Accusative|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 23 τελεῖν | obj | high | Object of τελεῖν. |
| 23 | τελεῖν | τελέω | VERB | V-PAN | VerbForm=Inf | 17 ἡγοῖτο | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement under ἡγοῖτο. |
| 24 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 26 Ἀχαϊκὸν | case | high | Preposition. |
| 25 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | ATR-ASN | Case=Accusative|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 Ἀχαϊκὸν | det | high | Article modifying Ἀχαϊκόν. |
| 26 | Ἀχαϊκὸν | Ἀχαϊκός | ADJ | ATR-ASN | Case=Accusative|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 τελεῖν | obl | high | Prepositional object. |
| 27 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 29 Κόρινθον | cc | high | Correlative coordinator. |
| 28 | αὐτὴν | αὐτός | PRON | X | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 Κόρινθον | det | medium | Likely intensive/demonstrative modifying Κόρινθον. |
| 29 | Κόρινθον | Κόρινθος | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 τελεῖν | obj | high | Second coordinated object of τελεῖν. |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 τελεῖν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 31 | ἀφεῖσθαι | ἀφίημι | VERB | V-PMN | VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Middle | 17 ἡγοῖτο | xcomp | high | Coordinated infinitival complement under ἡγοῖτο. |
| 32 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 33 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 34 Ἄργος | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 34 | Ἄργος | Ἄργος | PROPN | N-ASN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | medium | Part of list with coordinated accusatives; gender/lemma uncertain in context. |
| 35 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 36 | Ἡράκλειαν | Ἡράκλεια | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | Coordinated object of ἀφεῖσθαι. |
| 37 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | ATR-ASF | Case=Accusative|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | det | high | Article modifying Ἡράκλειαν. |
| 38 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 39 Οἴτῃ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 39 | Οἴτῃ | Οἴτη | PROPN | N-DSF | Case=Dative|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | nmod | high | Adnominal genitive-like geographic modifier via πρός phrase. |
| 40 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 41 Ὀρχομενίους | cc | high | Coordinator. |
| 41 | Ὀρχομενίους | Ὀρχομένιος | ADJ | ATR-APM | Case=Accusative|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 42 Ἀρκάδας | amod | high | Modifies Ἀρκάδας. |
| 42 | Ἀρκάδας | Ἀρκάς | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | Coordinated object of ἀφεῖσθαι. |
| 43 | συνεδρίου | συνέδριον | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Genitive|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obl | high | Genitive complement with ἀφεῖσθαι, likely 'from the confederacy'. |
| 44 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | ATR-GSN | Case=Genitive|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 45 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | Article modifying Ἀχαιῶν. |
| 45 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | ADJ | ATR-GPM | Case=Genitive|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 43 συνεδρίου | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of συνεδρίου. |
| 46 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high | Punctuation. |
γένους τε γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐδὲν τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν μετεῖναι καὶ ὕστερον τὰς πόλεις προσχωρῆσαι ταύτας πρὸς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν.
Two coordinated infinitival clauses are governed by the first infinitive as the syntactic root; genitive and dative depend on the first clause, while the second clause takes a prepositional oblique.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γένους | γένος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 μετεῖναι | obj | high | Genitive of source/partitive with μετεῖναι. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | advmod | medium | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 4 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 8 μετεῖναι | iobj | high | Dative with infinitive, likely experiencer/possessor. |
| 5 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 8 μετεῖναι | obj | high | Negated object/predicate accusative with μετεῖναι. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 7 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | Article with Ἀχαιῶν. |
| 7 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 μετεῖναι | nmod | high | Genitive complement of τοῦ. |
| 8 | μετεῖναι | μέτειμι | VERB | _ | Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | First infinitival clause, taken as matrix root. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | cc | high | Coordinates the second infinitive clause with the first. |
| 10 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | _ | _ | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | advmod | high | Adverb modifying προσχωρῆσαι. |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 πόλεις | det | high | Article with πόλεις. |
| 12 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | obj | high | Object of προσχωρῆσαι. |
| 13 | προσχωρῆσαι | προσχωρέω | VERB | _ | Aspect=Perf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 8 μετεῖναι | conj | high | Second coordinated infinitive. |
| 14 | ταύτας | οὗτος | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 12 πόλεις | appos | medium | Likely appositive/demonstrative modifying πόλεις. |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 17 Ἀχαϊκόν | case | high | Preposition governing the following phrase. |
| 16 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 17 Ἀχαϊκόν | det | high | Article with Ἀχαϊκόν. |
| 17 | Ἀχαϊκόν | Ἀχαϊκός | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | obl | high | Prepositional complement of προσχωρῆσαι. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |