Grammar parses for passage 7.14.1
Open translation for this passage
ἀφίκοντο δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ οἱ ἀποσταλέντες ἐκ Ῥώμης Λακεδαιμονίοις δικασταὶ καὶ Ἀχαιοῖς γενέσθαι, ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ὀρέστης·
The sentence has a compressed construction in which δικασταὶ is associated with the substantivized participle οἱ ἀποσταλέντες, while γενέσθαι governs the two datives; the final ἄλλοι τε καὶ Ὀρέστης supplies additional subjects.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀφίκοντο | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-3P-IAM | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Medium | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 Ἑλλάδα | case | high | Variant form ἐς of εἰς. |
| 4 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 Ἑλλάδα | det | high | |
| 5 | Ἑλλάδα | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἀφίκοντο | obl | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 δικασταὶ | cc | high | Coordinates the subject phrase with the following continuation. |
| 7 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 8 ἀποσταλέντες | det | high | |
| 8 | ἀποσταλέντες | ἀποστέλλω | VERB | V-APP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plural|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Passive | 12 δικασταὶ | nsubj | high | Substantivized participle: those sent. |
| 9 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 10 Ῥώμης | case | high | |
| 10 | Ῥώμης | Ῥώμη | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀποσταλέντες | obl | high | |
| 11 | Λακεδαιμονίοις | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 15 γενέσθαι | iobj | medium | Dative of the community for which the judges were sent. |
| 12 | δικασταὶ | δικαστής | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 1 ἀφίκοντο | nsubj | high | Appositional/predicative noun with the substantivized participle. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 Ἀχαιοῖς | cc | high | |
| 14 | Ἀχαιοῖς | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 15 γενέσθαι | iobj | medium | Second dative community coordinated with Λακεδαιμονίοις. |
| 15 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2ADN | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Middle | 12 δικασταὶ | acl | medium | Infinitive completing the sense ‘to serve/become judges for’ the two groups; attachment is syntactically compressed. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high | |
| 17 | ἄλλοι | ἄλλος | PRON | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plural | 12 δικασταὶ | conj | high | Additional coordinated subject: others. |
| 18 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἄλλοι | cc | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 Ὀρέστης | cc | high | Part of the τε καί coordination. |
| 20 | Ὀρέστης | Ὀρέστης | PROPN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἄλλοι | conj | high | |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀφίκοντο | punct | high |
ὁ δὲ τούς τε ἐν ἑκάστῃ πόλει τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔχοντας τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ Δίαιον ἐκάλει παρʼ αὑτόν.
The accusative participial phrase τούς ... ἔχοντας and Δίαιον are coordinated objects of ἐκάλει; ἐν ἑκάστῃ πόλει τῶν Ἀχαιῶν modifies the substantival participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | article-nom-masc-sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκάλει | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | conj | _ | 15 ἐκάλει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τούς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-masc-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἔχοντας | det | high | |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | conj | _ | 14 Δίαιον | cc | medium | Correlative τε links the two coordinated objects. |
| 5 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | prep | _ | 7 πόλει | case | high | |
| 6 | ἑκάστῃ | ἕκαστος | DET | adj-dat-fem-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 πόλει | det | high | Used substantivally/modifying πόλει. |
| 7 | πόλει | πόλις | NOUN | noun-dat-fem-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἔχοντας | obl | high | Object of ἐν. |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | article-gen-masc-pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | |
| 9 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | propn-gen-masc-pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πόλει | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on πόλει. |
| 10 | ἔχοντας | ἔχω | VERB | verb-pres-act-part-acc-masc-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἐκάλει | obj | high | Substantival participle, coordinated with Δίαιον as object of ἐκάλει. |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | article-acc-fem-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 ἀρχὰς | det | high | |
| 12 | ἀρχὰς | ἀρχή | NOUN | noun-acc-fem-pl | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 ἔχοντας | obj | high | Accusative object of ἔχοντας. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | conj | _ | 14 Δίαιον | cc | high | Coordinates Δίαιον with the preceding object. |
| 14 | Δίαιον | Δίαιος | PROPN | propn-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐκάλει | obj | high | |
| 15 | ἐκάλει | καλέω | VERB | verb-imperf-act-ind-3sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | prep | _ | 17 αὑτόν | case | high | Elided form of παρά. |
| 17 | αὑτόν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | pron-refl-acc-masc-sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 15 ἐκάλει | obl | high | Reflexive object of παρά, 'to himself'. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐκάλει | punct | high |
ἀφικομένοις δὲ ἔνθα ἔτυχεν αὐτὸς ἐσῳκισμένος, ἀπεγύμνου τὸν πάντα σφίσιν ἤδη λόγον, ὡς δίκαια ἡγοῖτο ἡ Ῥωμαίων βουλὴ μήτε Λακεδαιμονίους τελεῖν ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν μήτε αὐτὴν Κόρινθον, ἀφεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ Ἄργος καὶ Ἡράκλειαν τὴν πρὸς Οἴτῃ καὶ Ὀρχομενίους Ἀρκάδας συνεδρίου τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν·
The sentence has a content clause after ὡς, with coordinated infinitives τελεῖν and ἀφεῖσθαι; the opening dative participial construction is circumstantial and locative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀφικομένοις | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | Part.Pres.Mid.Dat.Pl | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | advcl | high | Dative circumstantial participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | Adv | _ | 4 ἔτυχεν | advmod | high | Locative adverb. |
| 4 | ἔτυχεν | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-Aor-Act-Ind-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 ἐσῳκισμένος | advcl | high | Impersonal/locative clause governing ἐσῳκισμένος. |
| 5 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P-Dem-Nom-Sg-M | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐσῳκισμένος | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | ἐσῳκισμένος | ἐνοικίζω | VERB | Part.Perf.MP.Nom.Sg.M | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 4 ἔτυχεν | xcomp | medium | Perfect passive participle, predicative with αὐτός; spelling reflects ἐσῳκίζω/ἐνοικίζω. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἀπεγύμνου | ἀπογυμνόω | VERB | V-Impf-Act-Ind-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Sg-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 λόγον | det | high | |
| 10 | πάντα | πᾶς | ADJ | A-Acc-Sg-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 λόγον | amod | high | Substantivally/attributively modifies λόγον. |
| 11 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3Dat-Pl | Case=Dat|Number=Pl|Person=3 | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | iobj | high | |
| 12 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | Adv | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | advmod | high | |
| 13 | λόγον | λόγος | NOUN | N-Acc-Sg-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | obj | high | |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high | |
| 15 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conj | _ | 17 ἡγοῖτο | mark | high | Introduces content clause. |
| 16 | δίκαια | δίκαιος | ADJ | A-Acc-Pl-N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Pl | 17 ἡγοῖτο | obj | medium | Accusative neuter plural, ‘just things/that it was just’; syntactically associated with ἡγοῖτο. |
| 17 | ἡγοῖτο | ἡγέομαι | VERB | V-Pres-MidOpt-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | ccomp | high | |
| 18 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | Art-Nom-Sg-F | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 βουλὴ | det | high | |
| 19 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | A-Gen-Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl | 20 βουλὴ | nmod | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 20 | βουλὴ | βουλή | NOUN | N-Nom-Sg-F | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἡγοῖτο | nsubj | high | |
| 21 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 23 τελεῖν | cc | high | First member of μήτε...μήτε coordination. |
| 22 | Λακεδαιμονίους | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-Acc-Pl-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl | 23 τελεῖν | obj | high | |
| 23 | τελεῖν | τελέω | VERB | V-Pres-Act-Inf | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 17 ἡγοῖτο | ccomp | high | Infinitive in content construction. |
| 24 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | Prep | _ | 26 Ἀχαϊκὸν | case | high | |
| 25 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Sg-N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 Ἀχαϊκὸν | det | high | |
| 26 | Ἀχαϊκὸν | Ἀχαϊκός | ADJ | A-Acc-Sg-N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 τελεῖν | obl | high | Substantivally, ‘the Achaean [league/association]’. |
| 27 | μήτε | μήτε | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | cc | high | Second member of μήτε...μήτε coordination. |
| 28 | αὐτὴν | αὐτός | PRON | P-Dem-Acc-Sg-F | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 Κόρινθον | det | high | Intensifying/determining pronoun with Κόρινθον. |
| 29 | Κόρινθον | Κόρινθος | PROPN | N-Acc-Sg-F | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high | |
| 31 | ἀφεῖσθαι | ἀφίημι | VERB | V-Perf-MedInf | Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 17 ἡγοῖτο | conj | medium | Coordinated infinitive; understood subject is ἡ βουλή as agent/authority, with places as objects. |
| 32 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | cc | high | |
| 33 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 34 Ἄργος | cc | high | Coordinates the first object of ἀφεῖσθαι. |
| 34 | Ἄργος | Ἄργος | PROPN | N-Acc-Sg-N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | |
| 35 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | cc | high | |
| 36 | Ἡράκλειαν | Ἡράκλεια | PROPN | N-Acc-Sg-F | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | |
| 37 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc-Sg-F | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | det | high | |
| 38 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | Prep | _ | 39 Οἴτῃ | case | high | |
| 39 | Οἴτῃ | Οἶτη | PROPN | N-Dat-Sg-F | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 Ἡράκλειαν | nmod | high | Dative governed by πρός in the sense ‘toward/by Oeta’. |
| 40 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 41 Ὀρχομενίους | cc | high | |
| 41 | Ὀρχομενίους | Ὀρχομενός | PROPN | A-Acc-Pl-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obj | high | |
| 42 | Ἀρκάδας | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | A-Acc-Pl-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl | 41 Ὀρχομενίους | appos | high | Apposition: the Orchomenians of Arcadia. |
| 43 | συνεδρίου | συνέδριον | NOUN | N-Gen-Sg-N | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 ἀφεῖσθαι | obl | medium | Genitive of separation with ἀφίημι: ‘release from the council’. |
| 44 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen-Sg-N | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 43 συνεδρίου | det | high | |
| 45 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | A-Gen-Pl-M | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Pl | 43 συνεδρίου | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on συνέδριον. |
| 46 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἀπεγύμνου | punct | high |
γένους τε γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐδὲν τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν μετεῖναι καὶ ὕστερον τὰς πόλεις προσχωρῆσαι ταύτας πρὸς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν.
Infinitival construction coordinated under an understood governing context: αὐτοῖς μετεῖναι γένους means that they had no share in Achaean descent; προσχωρῆσαι has the same understood subject and takes ταύτας as its accusative subject, with πρὸς τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν expressing accession to the Achaean polity. The exact scope of γένους and οὐδὲν is somewhat elliptical.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γένους | γένος | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 μετεῖναι | obl | medium | Genitive of relation/partitive with μετεῖναι; the phrase means 'share in descent.' |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | cc | high | Correlative/coordinating τε, linking this infinitival clause with the following one. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | mark | high | Explanatory particle introducing the clause. |
| 4 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P----DM3-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 8 μετεῖναι | iobj | high | Dative experiencer/possessor with μετεῖναι. |
| 5 | οὐδὲν | οὐδείς | PRON | P--NAN---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Neg | 8 μετεῖναι | obj | high | Accusative neuter negative pronoun, functioning as the quantified object/complement of μετεῖναι. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | Article agreeing with the substantivized/genitival ethnic designation. |
| 7 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|NameType=Nat|Number=Plur | 1 γένους | nmod | high | Genitive plural ethnic name, dependent on γένους: 'of the Achaeans.' |
| 8 | μετεῖναι | μέτειμι | VERB | V--PAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Present active infinitive, with an understood subject; μέτειμι here means 'have a share in.' |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | cc | high | Coordinates the second infinitive with μετεῖναι. |
| 10 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, 'later/afterwards.' |
| 11 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | L-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 πόλεις | det | high | Article agreeing with πόλεις. |
| 12 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | obj | high | Accusative plural, object of προσχωρῆσαι; semantically the cities join later. |
| 13 | προσχωρῆσαι | προσχωρέω | VERB | V--AAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 μετεῖναι | conj | high | Aorist active infinitive coordinated with μετεῖναι. |
| 14 | ταύτας | οὗτος | PRON | P-A---AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | nsubj | medium | Accusative subject of the infinitive προσχωρῆσαι; refers forward/back to the cities. |
| 15 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 Ἀχαϊκόν | case | high | Preposition governing the accusative. |
| 16 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 17 Ἀχαϊκόν | det | high | Article with the substantivized adjective Ἀχαϊκόν. |
| 17 | Ἀχαϊκόν | Ἀχαϊκός | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 προσχωρῆσαι | obl | high | Substantivized neuter adjective, 'the Achaean [body/polity].' |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 μετεῖναι | punct | high |