Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 7.16.2

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Passage 7.16.2

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2,491input tokens

5,983output tokens

Sentence 1

7.16.2 sentence 1

Tokens: 26
Input: 797
Output: 1,857
Total: 2,654

Μόμμιος μὲν δὴ τῶν τε ἐξ Ἰταλίας τινὰς καὶ τὰ ἐπικουρικὰ ἀπωτέρω δύο τε καὶ δέκα ἔταξε σταδίοις, πρὸ τοῦ παντὸς εἶναι στρατεύματος φυλακήν·

The main predicate ἔταξε governs Μόμμιος and takes the coordinated accusative objects τινάς and τὰ ἐπικουρικά; σταδίοις is a dative measure, while πρὸ τοῦ ... εἶναι στρατεύματος φυλακήν expresses precedence in time/position with an infinitival clause. The attachment of φυλακήν is somewhat compressed: it is best read as the predicate/defined purpose of the troops’ being a guard.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Μόμμιος	Μόμμιος	PROPN	Ne-s---mn-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	17 ἔταξε	nsubj	high
2	μὲν	μέν	PART	Df	_	17 ἔταξε	discourse	high
3	δὴ	δή	PART	Df	_	17 ἔταξε	discourse	high
4	τῶν	ὁ	DET	S---GPM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	8 τινὰς	det	high
5	τε	τε	CCONJ	C-	_	8 τινὰς	cc	high
6	ἐξ	ἐκ	ADP	R	_	7 Ἰταλίας	case	high
7	Ἰταλίας	Ἰταλία	PROPN	Ne---gf-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	8 τινὰς	nmod	high
8	τινὰς	τις	PRON	P---APM-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	17 ἔταξε	obj	high	Substantivized indefinite pronoun, with τῶν ... ἐξ Ἰταλίας as its genitive specification.
9	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C-	_	11 ἐπικουρικὰ	cc	high
10	τὰ	ὁ	DET	S---APN-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	11 ἐπικουρικὰ	det	high
11	ἐπικουρικὰ	ἐπικουρικός	ADJ	A--APN-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	8 τινὰς	conj	high	Substantivized adjective, coordinated with τινάς.
12	ἀπωτέρω	ἀπωτέρω	ADV	D--------	Degree=Cmp	17 ἔταξε	advmod	high	Comparative adverb, modifying the placement expressed by ἔταξε.
13	δύο	δύο	NUM	M--------	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|NumType=Card\|Number=Plur	18 σταδίοις	nummod	high
14	τε	τε	CCONJ	C-	_	13 δύο	cc	high
15	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C-	_	16 δέκα	cc	high
16	δέκα	δέκα	NUM	M--------	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|NumType=Card\|Number=Plur	13 δύο	conj	high
17	ἔταξε	τάσσω	VERB	V3SAAI---	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high
18	σταδίοις	στάδιον	NOUN	N---DPN-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	17 ἔταξε	obl	high	Dative of measure/distance; numerals 13–16 specify the quantity.
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	17 ἔταξε	punct	high
20	πρὸ	πρό	ADP	R	_	23 εἶναι	case	high	Takes the genitive article phrase τοῦ ... στρατεύματος through an infinitival temporal/comparative construction.
21	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	S---GSM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	24 στρατεύματος	det	high
22	παντὸς	πᾶς	ADJ	A--GSM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	24 στρατεύματος	amod	high
23	εἶναι	εἰμί	AUX	V--PAN----	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	17 ἔταξε	advcl	medium	Infinitive in the πρὸ τοῦ ... construction; the understood subject is the genitive στρατεύματος.
24	στρατεύματος	στράτευμα	NOUN	N---GSM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	23 εἶναι	nsubj	medium	Genitive subject of εἶναι under the πρὸ τοῦ construction; syntactically compressed.
25	φυλακήν	φυλακή	NOUN	N---AFS-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	23 εἶναι	xcomp	low	Accusative predicate/complement of εἶναι, despite the semantic mismatch with neuter στρατεύματος; likely an elliptical purpose/appositional construction.
26	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	17 ἔταξε	punct	high

Sentence 2

7.16.2 sentence 2

Tokens: 38
Input: 932
Output: 2,688
Total: 3,620

Ἀχαιοὶ δέ, ἐχόντων ἀφυλακτότερον ὑπὸ φρονήματος τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἐπιτίθενται τοῖς ἐπὶ φυλακῆς αὐτοῖς τῆς πρώτης, καὶ τοὺς μὲν φονεύουσι, πλείονας δὲ ἔτι ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον κατεῖρξαν, καὶ ἀσπίδας ὅσον τε πεντακοσίας εἷλον.

The genitive absolute ἐχόντων ... τῶν Ῥωμαίων describes the Romans as being less on guard; ἐπιτίθενται governs the dative τοῖς ... αὐτοῖς, while τοὺς μὲν ... πλείονας δὲ ... κατεῖρξαν coordinate objects/actions. ὅσον τε πεντακοσίας is an elliptical quantity phrase modifying ἀσπίδας; the exact scope of τε is somewhat uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	Ἀχαιοὶ	Ἀχαιός	PROPN	N--------	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	11 ἐπιτίθενται	nsubj	high
2	δέ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	11 ἐπιτίθενται	cc	high
3	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	11 ἐπιτίθενται	punct	high
4	ἐχόντων	ἔχω	VERB	V--PAPGM-	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Mood=Part\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	11 ἐπιτίθενται	advcl	high	Genitive absolute; understood subject is τῶν Ῥωμαίων.
5	ἀφυλακτότερον	ἀφύλακτος	ADJ	A--ASM/C-	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	4 ἐχόντων	xcomp	medium	Comparative predicative complement with ἐχόντων; form is neuter/masculine syncretic in the transmitted text.
6	ὑπὸ	ὑπό	ADP	R--------	_	7 φρονήματος	case	high
7	φρονήματος	φρόνημα	NOUN	N--GSN--	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	4 ἐχόντων	obl	medium	Genitive with ὑπό, expressing cause or agency of the state.
8	τῶν	ὁ	DET	P--GPM--	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	9 Ῥωμαίων	det	high
9	Ῥωμαίων	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	N--GPM--	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	4 ἐχόντων	nsubj	high	Subject of the genitive absolute.
10	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	11 ἐπιτίθενται	punct	high
11	ἐπιτίθενται	ἐπιτίθημι	VERB	V-PMI-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high
12	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	P---DPM--	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	14 φυλακῆς	det	high
13	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R--------	_	14 φυλακῆς	case	high
14	φυλακῆς	φυλακή	NOUN	N--GSF--	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	12 τοῖς	nmod	high	Together with τοῖς ... αὐτοῖς: those on the first watch.
15	αὐτοῖς	αὐτός	PRON	P---DPM--	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	11 ἐπιτίθενται	iobj	medium	Dative complement of ἐπιτίθενται, with τοῖς ... φυλακῆς forming the noun phrase.
16	τῆς	ὁ	DET	P---GSF--	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 πρώτης	det	high
17	πρώτης	πρῶτος	ADJ	A--GSF--	Case=Gen\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	14 φυλακῆς	amod	high	Modifies φυλακῆς.
18	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	11 ἐπιτίθενται	punct	high
19	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	22 φονεύουσι	cc	high
20	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	P---APM--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	22 φονεύουσι	det	high
21	μὲν	μέν	PART	X--------	_	22 φονεύουσι	discourse	high	Correlative μέν with later δέ.
22	φονεύουσι	φονεύω	VERB	V-PAI-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	11 ἐπιτίθενται	conj	high	Coordinate finite verb.
23	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	22 φονεύουσι	punct	high
24	πλείονας	πολύς	ADJ	A---APM-C	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	30 κατεῖρξαν	obj	high	Substantivized comparative, ‘more [of them]’.
25	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	C--------	_	30 κατεῖρξαν	cc	high	Correlative with μέν.
26	ἔτι	ἔτι	ADV	D--------	_	30 κατεῖρξαν	advmod	high
27	ἐς	εἰς	ADP	R--------	_	29 στρατόπεδον	case	high
28	τὸ	ὁ	DET	P---ASN--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	29 στρατόπεδον	det	high
29	στρατόπεδον	στρατόπεδον	NOUN	N-ASN--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	30 κατεῖρξαν	obl	high
30	κατεῖρξαν	καθείργω	VERB	V-AAI-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	11 ἐπιτίθενται	conj	high	Coordinate action under the μέν ... δέ contrast.
31	,	,	PUNCT	U--------	_	30 κατεῖρξαν	punct	high
32	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	C--------	_	37 εἷλον	cc	high
33	ἀσπίδας	ἀσπίς	NOUN	N-APF--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	37 εἷλον	obj	high
34	ὅσον	ὅσος	ADJ	A---ASN--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Rel	36 πεντακοσίας	advmod	low	Elliptical quantity expression; exact syntactic attachment is uncertain.
35	τε	τε	CCONJ	C--------	_	37 εἷλον	cc	medium	Enclitic connective in the quantity phrase.
36	πεντακοσίας	πεντακόσιοι	NUM	M----AF--	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|NumType=Card\|Number=Plur	33 ἀσπίδας	nummod	high	agrees with ἀσπίδας.
37	εἷλον	αἱρέω	VERB	V-AAI-3P-	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	11 ἐπιτίθενται	conj	high	Final coordinated finite verb.
38	.	.	PUNCT	U--------	_	11 ἐπιτίθενται	punct	high

Sentence 3

7.16.2 sentence 3

Tokens: 19
Input: 762
Output: 1,438
Total: 2,200

ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ τοῦ ἔργου καὶ ἐπήρθησαν οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἔξοδον πρότερον πρὶν ἢ Ῥωμαίους ἄρχειν μάχης·

The Achaeans are the subject of ἐπήρθησαν and the accusative-and-infinitive construction ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἔξοδον depends on it; πρὶν ἢ introduces the temporal infinitive phrase with Ῥωμαίους as its accusative subject. The exact nuance of ἐπήρθησαν is somewhat context-dependent (were impelled/encouraged).

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἀπὸ	ἀπό	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	5 ἔργου	case	high
2	τούτου	οὗτος	DET	D- GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	5 ἔργου	det	high	Demonstrative article-like determiner.
3	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	7 ἐπήρθησαν	cc	high
4	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	T- GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	5 ἔργου	det	high
5	ἔργου	ἔργον	NOUN	N-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	7 ἐπήρθησαν	obl	high	Genitive object of ἀπό.
6	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	7 ἐπήρθησαν	cc	high	Connective/additive particle.
7	ἐπήρθησαν	ἐπαίρω	VERB	V-API-3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Pass	0 ROOT	root	medium	Passive aorist; context determines whether translated ‘were impelled/encouraged’.
8	οἱ	ὁ	DET	T-NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	9 Ἀχαιοὶ	det	high
9	Ἀχαιοὶ	Ἀχαιός	PROPN	N-NPM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	7 ἐπήρθησαν	nsubj	high	Ethnic name used substantivally.
10	ποιήσασθαι	ποιέω	VERB	V-AMP-INF	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Mid	7 ἐπήρθησαν	xcomp	high	Infinitival complement of ἐπήρθησαν.
11	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	12 ἔξοδον	det	high
12	ἔξοδον	ἔξοδος	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	10 ποιήσασθαι	obj	high
13	πρότερον	πρότερος	ADV	A-ASN	Case=Acc\|Degree=Cmp\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	14 πρὶν	advmod	medium	Adverbial accusative, ‘earlier/beforehand’.
14	πρὶν	πρίν	SCONJ	ADV	_	17 ἄρχειν	mark	high	Temporal marker introducing the infinitival clause.
15	ἢ	ἤ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	14 πρὶν	cc	high	Paired with πρίν.
16	Ῥωμαίους	Ῥωμαῖος	PROPN	N-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	17 ἄρχειν	nsubj	high	Accusative subject of the infinitive.
17	ἄρχειν	ἄρχω	VERB	V-PAN-INF	Mood=Inf\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	10 ποιήσασθαι	advcl	high	Infinitive in the temporal πρὶν ἢ clause.
18	μάχης	μάχη	NOUN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	17 ἄρχειν	obj	medium	Genitive complement/object with ἄρχω, ‘begin/lead the battle’.
19	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	7 ἐπήρθησαν	punct	high

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