Grammar parses for passage 7.18.1
Open translation for this passage
σταδίους δὲ ὅσον τεσσαράκοντα προελθόντι ἐκ Δύμης ποταμὸς Πεῖρος ἐς θάλατταν κάτεισι, καὶ Ἀχαιῶν πόλις ποτὲ Ὤλενος ᾠκεῖτο παρὰ τῷ Πείρῳ.
The first clause has an elliptical distance expression: σταδίους ... ὅσον τεσσαράκοντα modifies προελθόντι, with the dative participle understood of the traveler/observer; Πεῖρος is the subject of κάτεισι. In the second clause, Ὤλενος is the subject of ᾠκεῖτο and πόλις is a predicate nominative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | σταδίους | στάδιον | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 προελθόντι | obl | high | Distance measure governed semantically by προελθόντι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | PART | _ | 12 κάτεισι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὅσον | ὅσος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 τεσσαράκοντα | amod | medium | Quantifying neuter singular used with τεσσαράκοντα in the distance expression. |
| 4 | τεσσαράκοντα | τεσσαράκοντα | NUM | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 σταδίους | nummod | medium | Numeral agreeing notionally with σταδίους; Greek numeral morphology is partly indeclinable. |
| 5 | προελθόντι | προέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 κάτεισι | advcl | medium | Dative aorist participle, with an implicit or contextually understood personal subject. |
| 6 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 Δύμης | case | high | Preposition governing Δύμης. |
| 7 | Δύμης | Δύμη | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 προελθόντι | obl | high | Source location with ἐκ. |
| 8 | ποταμὸς | ποταμός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Πεῖρος | appos | high | Appositional common noun identifying Πεῖρος as a river. |
| 9 | Πεῖρος | Πεῖρος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 κάτεισι | nsubj | high | Subject of κάτεισι. |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 11 θάλατταν | case | high | Preposition governing θάλατταν. |
| 11 | θάλατταν | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 κάτεισι | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 12 | κάτεισι | κάτειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb of the first clause. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 κάτεισι | punct | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 ᾠκεῖτο | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause with the first. |
| 15 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 πόλις | nmod | high | Ethnic genitive modifying πόλις. |
| 16 | πόλις | πόλις | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ᾠκεῖτο | xcomp | medium | Predicate nominative with passive ᾠκεῖτο; analyzed as open clausal complement. |
| 17 | ποτὲ | ποτέ | ADV | ADV | _ | 19 ᾠκεῖτο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 18 | Ὤλενος | Ὤλενος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ᾠκεῖτο | nsubj | high | Place-name subject of ᾠκεῖτο. |
| 19 | ᾠκεῖτο | οἰκέω | VERB | V-IPI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Pass | 12 κάτεισι | conj | high | Finite verb coordinated with κάτεισι; passive/existential sense 'was inhabited'. |
| 20 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 22 Πείρῳ | case | high | Preposition governing dative τῷ Πείρῳ. |
| 21 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 Πείρῳ | det | high | Article agreeing with Πείρῳ. |
| 22 | Πείρῳ | Πεῖρος | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ᾠκεῖτο | obl | high | Location beside the river. |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 κάτεισι | punct | high |
ὁπόσοι δὲ ἐς Ἡρακλέα καὶ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ πεποιήκασιν, ἔστιν οὐκ ἐλάχιστά σφισι δείγματα τοῦ λόγου Δεξαμενὸς ὁ ἐν Ὠλένῳ βασιλεὺς καὶ ὁποίων Ἡρακλῆς παρʼ αὐτῷ ξενίων ἔτυχε.
The initial ὁπόσοι-clause is a substantivized relative/topic clause; ἔστιν has delayed predicate δείγματα, with οὐκ ἐλάχιστα as predicate adjective. The final phrase depends on δείγματα: Δεξαμενός and Ἡρακλῆς are appositional exemplification, while ὁποίων ξενίων ἔτυχε is an indirect exclamative/relative description of the hospitality received.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁπόσοι | ὁπόσος | PRON | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 πεποιήκασιν | nsubj | high | Substantivized relative pronoun, subject of πεποιήκασιν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 1 ὁπόσοι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 4 Ἡρακλέα | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 4 | Ἡρακλέα | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | A-SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 πεποιήκασιν | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐς. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ἔργα | cc | high | |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 ἔργα | det | high | |
| 7 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 πεποιήκασιν | obj | high | Coordinated with Ἡρακλέα under the scope of πεποιήκασιν. |
| 8 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | P-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἔργα | nmod:poss | high | Possessive genitive, referring to Heracles. |
| 9 | πεποιήκασιν | ποιέω | VERB | V-RIA3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 11 ἔστιν | acl:relcl | high | Perfect active, with subject ὁπόσοι. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἔστιν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἔστιν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PIA3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/existential present; predicate nominal follows. |
| 12 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 13 ἐλάχιστά | advmod | high | |
| 13 | ἐλάχιστά | ἐλάχιστος | ADJ | A-APN-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Superl|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 δείγματα | amod | medium | Neuter plural predicate adjective agreeing with δείγματα; accent/form is transmitted as ἐλάχιστά. |
| 14 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 15 δείγματα | iobj | high | Dative of possession/reference, ‘for them’. |
| 15 | δείγματα | δεῖγμα | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἔστιν | xcomp | medium | Accusative predicate/content noun with existential ἔστιν; some analyses may treat it as a nominative-like predicate. |
| 16 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 λόγου | det | high | |
| 17 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | N-SGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 δείγματα | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on δείγματα, likely ‘of the account/argument’. |
| 18 | Δεξαμενὸς | Δεξαμενός | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 δείγματα | appos | medium | Appositional example/name; nominative despite the surrounding accusative predicate construction. |
| 19 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 βασιλεὺς | det | high | |
| 20 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 Ὠλένῳ | case | high | |
| 21 | Ὠλένῳ | Ὠλένος | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 βασιλεὺς | obl | high | Dative governed by ἐν. |
| 22 | βασιλεὺς | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 Δεξαμενὸς | appos | high | Apposition to Δεξαμενός. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 25 Ἡρακλῆς | cc | medium | Coordinates the second exemplifying/name phrase with the first. |
| 24 | ὁποίων | ὁποῖος | DET | A-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 ξενίων | det | high | Interrogative-relative adjective, ‘what kind of’. |
| 25 | Ἡρακλῆς | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἔτυχε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔτυχε. |
| 26 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 27 αὐτῷ | case | high | Elided form of παρά. |
| 27 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἔτυχε | obl | high | Dative object of παρά in the sense ‘from/with him’. |
| 28 | ξενίων | ξένιον | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 29 ἔτυχε | obl | medium | Genitive of the hospitality/favors received with τυγχάνω. |
| 29 | ἔτυχε | τυγχάνω | VERB | V-2IA3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 15 δείγματα | parataxis | medium | Aorist-form/secondary tense; subordinate descriptive clause linked to the exemplifying δείγματα phrase. |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἔστιν | punct | high |
καὶ ὅτι μὲν ἦν πόλισμα ἐξ ἀρχῆς μικρὸν ἡ Ὤλενος, μαρτυρεῖ τῷ λόγῳ μου καὶ ἐλεγεῖον ἐς Εὐρυτίωνα Κένταυρον ὑπὸ Ἑρμησιάνακτος πεποιημένον·
The ὅτι-clause is a fronted content clause governed by μαρτυρεῖ: ἡ Ὤλενος is the subject of ἦν, with πόλισμα as predicate nominative and μικρόν agreeing with it; the participle πεποιημένον agrees with ἐλεγεῖον and has ὑπό plus genitive agent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | mark | high | Introduces the content clause. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 4 ἦν | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; no overt δέ follows in this sentence. |
| 4 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | ccomp | high | |
| 5 | πόλισμα | πόλισμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | nsubj | high | Predicate nominative or subject complement; nominative neuter. |
| 6 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 ἀρχῆς | case | high | |
| 7 | ἀρχῆς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | obl | high | Temporal/source phrase, ‘from the beginning’. |
| 8 | μικρὸν | μικρός | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 πόλισμα | amod | high | Agrees with πόλισμα; predicative in sense. |
| 9 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 Ὤλενος | det | high | |
| 10 | Ὤλενος | Ὤλενος | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἦν | nsubj | high | Place name, feminine nominative despite its form. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | punct | high | |
| 12 | μαρτυρεῖ | μαρτυρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 λόγῳ | det | high | |
| 14 | λόγῳ | λόγος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | obl | high | Dative complement of μαρτυρεῖ. |
| 15 | μου | ἐγώ | PRON | P-GS | Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 14 λόγῳ | nmod:poss | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἐλεγεῖον | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἐλεγεῖον | ἐλεγεῖον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | obj | high | Object of μαρτυρεῖ. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 Εὐρυτίωνα | case | high | |
| 19 | Εὐρυτίωνα | Εὐρυτίων | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ἐλεγεῖον | nmod | high | Object of ἐς; accusative goal/topic. |
| 20 | Κένταυρον | Κένταυρος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 Εὐρυτίωνα | appos | high | Apposition to Εὐρυτίωνα. |
| 21 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 22 Ἑρμησιάνακτος | case | high | |
| 22 | Ἑρμησιάνακτος | Ἑρμησιάναξ | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 πεποιημένον | obl:agent | high | Agent of the perfect passive participle. |
| 23 | πεποιημένον | ποιέω | VERB | V-RMP-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 17 ἐλεγεῖον | acl | high | Perfect passive participle agreeing with ἐλεγεῖον. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 μαρτυρεῖ | punct | high |
ἀνὰ χρόνον δὲ τοὺς οἰκήτορας ἐκλιπεῖν ὑπὸ ἀσθενείας φασὶ τὴν Ὤλενον καὶ ἐς Πειράς τε καὶ ἐς Εὐρυτειὰς ἀποχωρῆσαι.
Infinitival complement of φασί: the inhabitants are understood as the subject of both ἐκλιπεῖν and ἀποχωρῆσαι; τὴν Ὤλενον is the object of ἐκλιπεῖν, while the two ἐς phrases depend on ἀποχωρῆσαι. ἀνὰ χρόνον is an adverbial accusative phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 2 χρόνον | case | high | |
| 2 | χρόνον | χρόνος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ἐκλιπεῖν | obl | medium | Accusative of duration/adverbial time. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 9 φασὶ | cc | high | |
| 4 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | RA--AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 οἰκήτορας | det | high | |
| 5 | οἰκήτορας | οἰκήτωρ | NOUN | N-AMM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκλιπεῖν | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the reported infinitives. |
| 6 | ἐκλιπεῖν | ἐκλείπω | VERB | V-2AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 φασὶ | ccomp | high | First infinitive governed by φασί. |
| 7 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 8 ἀσθενείας | case | high | |
| 8 | ἀσθενείας | ἀσθένεια | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐκλιπεῖν | obl | high | Cause/source phrase: ‘through weakness’. |
| 9 | φασὶ | φημί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 Ὤλενον | det | high | |
| 11 | Ὤλενον | Ὤλενος | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἐκλιπεῖν | obj | high | Place-name, feminine accusative. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 ἀποχωρῆσαι | cc | high | Coordinates the two infinitival predicates. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 14 Πειράς | case | high | |
| 14 | Πειράς | Πειρά | PROPN | N-AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 ἀποχωρῆσαι | obl | medium | Place-name; inflectional gender/number is not fully certain from the form alone. |
| 15 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 14 Πειράς | cc | high | Enclitic coordination with the following καί. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 Εὐρυτειὰς | cc | high | Pairs with τε in τε καί. |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 18 Εὐρυτειὰς | case | high | |
| 18 | Εὐρυτειὰς | Εὐρυτεία | PROPN | N-AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 ἀποχωρῆσαι | obl | high | Place-name. |
| 19 | ἀποχωρῆσαι | ἀποχωρέω | VERB | V-AAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 φασὶ | conj | high | Second coordinated infinitive governed by φασί. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 φασὶ | punct | high |