Grammar parses for passage 7.8.7
Open translation for this passage
ἔργῳ μὲν δὴ Φίλιππός τε αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ Μακεδόνων ἀκμὴ καθῄρητο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων.
The subject is Φίλιππος τε ... καὶ ἡ Μακεδόνων ἀκμή; καθῄρητο is singular despite the coordinated subject, likely through attraction to the nearer noun ἀκμή or a collective/agreement variation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔργῳ | ἔργον | NOUN | N--DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 καθῄρητο | advmod | high | Dative of respect or specification: 'in deed/fact'. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | _ | 11 καθῄρητο | discourse | high | Correlative particle; the contrasting δὴ is discourse-level. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G-------- | _ | 11 καθῄρητο | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | Φίλιππός | Φίλιππος | PROPN | Ne-ms---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 καθῄρητο | nsubj | high | Personal name coordinated with ἀκμή. |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | G-------- | _ | 4 Φίλιππός | cc | high | First member of τε ... καί coordination. |
| 6 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P---NM-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 4 Φίλιππός | appos | medium | Intensive pronoun modifying or appositional to Φίλιππος: 'Philip himself'. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 ἀκμὴ | cc | high | Second coordinator of Φίλιππος τε ... καὶ ἀκμή. |
| 8 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L----NSF- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀκμὴ | det | high | |
| 9 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | Ne-gp---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ἀκμὴ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἀκμή: 'of the Macedonians'. |
| 10 | ἀκμὴ | ἀκμή | NOUN | N--NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 καθῄρητο | conj | high | Second coordinated subject with Φίλιππος. |
| 11 | καθῄρητο | καθαιρέω | VERB | V3S I--MP-I | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Pluperfect passive, third singular; singular agreement is readily attracted to the nearer/feminine ἀκμή or reflects collective coordination. |
| 12 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 13 Ῥωμαίων | case | high | Agent marker with a passive verb. |
| 13 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | Ne-gp---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 καθῄρητο | obl:agent | high | Genitive agent of the passive verb. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 καθῄρητο | punct | high |
μαχεσάμενος γὰρ Φλαμινίου καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἐναντία Φίλιππος ἐν Κυνὸς καλουμέναις κεφαλαῖς ἐν λόγοις τὸ ἧττον ἠνέγκατο.
The main construction is Φίλιππος ... τὸ ἧττον ἠνέγκατο, with μαχεσάμενος and the locative ἐν Κυνὸς ... κεφαλαῖς plus ἐν λόγοις modifying the event; ἐναντία takes the coordinated genitives Φλαμινίου καὶ Ῥωμαίων.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μαχεσάμενος | μάχομαι | VERB | V—PAP—NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 16 ἠνέγκατο | advcl | high | Aorist-form ambiguity is possible lexically, but the form μαχεσάμενος is present middle participle in this context/form. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | Ptcl | _ | 16 ἠνέγκατο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | Φλαμινίου | Φλαμίνιος | PROPN | N—GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Ῥωμαίων | conj | medium | The genitive coordinates with Ῥωμαίων as the opposing party/possessor-like complement. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Cj | _ | 5 Ῥωμαίων | cc | high | |
| 5 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N—GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐναντία | obl | medium | Genitive dependent on ἐναντία, understood as opposition to Flamininus and the Romans. |
| 6 | ἐναντία | ἐναντίος | ADJ | A—APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ἠνέγκατο | obl | high | Substantivized neuter plural, ‘against/opposite’; governs the genitives. |
| 7 | Φίλιππος | Φίλιππος | PROPN | N—NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἠνέγκατο | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | Prep | _ | 11 κεφαλαῖς | case | high | |
| 9 | Κυνὸς | Κῦνος | PROPN | N—GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 κεφαλαῖς | nmod | medium | Place-name in the local designation Κυνὸς κεφαλαῖς. |
| 10 | καλουμέναις | καλέω | VERB | V—PPP—DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 11 κεφαλαῖς | acl | high | Attributive participle modifying κεφαλαῖς. |
| 11 | κεφαλαῖς | κεφαλή | NOUN | N—DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 λόγοις | obl | high | Object of ἐν in the locative phrase. |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | Prep | _ | 13 λόγοις | case | high | |
| 13 | λόγοις | λόγος | NOUN | N—DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἠνέγκατο | obl | high | ‘In words/discussion’; phrase modifying ἠνέγκατο. |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | S—ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἧττον | det | high | Article substantivizing the comparative. |
| 15 | ἧττον | ἧσσον | ADV | Adv—Cmp | Degree=Cmp | 16 ἠνέγκατο | advmod | high | Substantivized comparative adverb with τὸ, ‘the lesser/less’. |
| 16 | ἠνέγκατο | φέρω | VERB | V—AAI—3SM | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist middle of φέρω, idiomatically ‘bore/suffered the lesser [loss/disadvantage].’ |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | Punct | _ | 16 ἠνέγκατο | punct | high |
ἀλλʼ ἅτε δὴ κατὰ δύναμιν ἀγωνισάμενος αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ Φίλιππος τοσοῦτον ἐκρατήθη τῇ συμβολῇ, ὡς στρατιᾶς τε ἣν ἦγεν ἀποβαλεῖν τὸ πολὺ καὶ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων, ὅσας εἷλεν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι πολέμῳ παραστησάμενος, ἐξήγαγεν ἐξ ἁπασῶν τὰς φρουρὰς κατὰ ὁμολογίαν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους.
The sentence has a result construction after τοσοῦτον ... ὡς, with coordinated outcomes: loss of most of the army and withdrawal of garrisons; attachment of the second predicate ἐξήγαγεν is somewhat structurally ambiguous.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀλλʼ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἐκρατήθη | cc | high | |
| 2 | ἅτε | ἅτε | ADV | _ | _ | 6 ἀγωνισάμενος | advmod | medium | Causal/participial particle introducing the attendant circumstance. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | _ | _ | 12 ἐκρατήθη | discourse | high | |
| 4 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | Case=ACC | 5 δύναμιν | case | high | |
| 5 | δύναμιν | δύναμις | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἀγωνισάμενος | obl | high | |
| 6 | ἀγωνισάμενος | ἀγωνίζομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 12 ἐκρατήθη | advcl | high | |
| 7 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 10 Φίλιππος | appos | high | Intensive pronoun, reinforcing the subject. |
| 8 | οὗτος | οὗτος | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 10 Φίλιππος | det | high | |
| 9 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Φίλιππος | det | high | |
| 10 | Φίλιππος | Φίλιππος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκρατήθη | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 11 | τοσοῦτον | τοσοῦτος | ADV | _ | Degree=Pos | 12 ἐκρατήθη | advmod | medium | Accusative neuter used adverbially, correlating with ὡς. |
| 12 | ἐκρατήθη | κρατέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 συμβολῇ | det | high | |
| 14 | συμβολῇ | συμβολή | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ἐκρατήθη | obl | high | Dative of the encounter/battle. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκρατήθη | punct | high | |
| 16 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 21 ἀποβαλεῖν | mark | high | Introduces the result construction. |
| 17 | στρατιᾶς | στρατιά | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἀποβαλεῖν | obj | medium | Genitive partitive/object with ἀποβαλεῖν. |
| 18 | τε | τε | CCONJ | _ | _ | 17 στρατιᾶς | cc | high | |
| 19 | ἣν | ὅς | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 20 ἦγεν | obj | high | |
| 20 | ἦγεν | ἄγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 17 στρατιᾶς | acl:relcl | high | |
| 21 | ἀποβαλεῖν | ἀποβάλλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκρατήθη | xcomp | high | Infinitive in the ὡς result construction. |
| 22 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 23 πολὺ | det | high | |
| 23 | πολὺ | πολύς | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 ἀποβαλεῖν | obj | high | Substantivized τὸ πολύ, ‘the greater part’. |
| 24 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | cc | medium | Coordinates the two result infinitival/content clauses. |
| 25 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | Case=GEN | 27 πόλεων | case | high | |
| 26 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 27 πόλεων | det | high | |
| 27 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | obl | high | |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 27 πόλεων | punct | high | |
| 29 | ὅσας | ὅσος | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 30 εἷλεν | obj | high | Relative determiner referring to πόλεις. |
| 30 | εἷλεν | αἱρέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 27 πόλεων | acl:relcl | high | |
| 31 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | Case=DAT | 33 Ἑλλάδι | case | high | |
| 32 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 33 Ἑλλάδι | det | high | |
| 33 | Ἑλλάδι | Ἑλλάς | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 34 πολέμῳ | nmod | high | |
| 34 | πολέμῳ | πόλεμος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 εἷλεν | obl | medium | Dative phrase, likely ‘in war in Greece’; attachment is somewhat ambiguous. |
| 35 | παραστησάμενος | παρίστημι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 30 εἷλεν | advcl | medium | Circumstantial participle with subject Philip. |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | punct | high | |
| 37 | ἐξήγαγεν | ἐξάγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 12 ἐκρατήθη | conj | medium | Second coordinated finite predicate, with omitted repeated subject. |
| 38 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | Case=GEN | 39 ἁπασῶν | case | high | |
| 39 | ἁπασῶν | ἅπας | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | obl | high | Substantival feminine plural, ‘from all [the cities]’. |
| 40 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 41 φρουρὰς | det | high | |
| 41 | φρουρὰς | φρουρά | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | obj | high | |
| 42 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | Case=ACC | 43 ὁμολογίαν | case | high | |
| 43 | ὁμολογίαν | ὁμολογία | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 37 ἐξήγαγεν | obl | high | |
| 44 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | Case=ACC | 45 Ῥωμαίους | case | high | |
| 45 | Ῥωμαίους | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 43 ὁμολογίαν | nmod | high | ‘By agreement with the Romans’. |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐκρατήθη | punct | high |