Grammar parses for passage 8.1.4
Open translation for this passage
φασὶ δὲ Ἀρκάδες ὡς Πελασγὸς γένοιτο ἐν τῇ γῇ ταύτῃ πρῶτος.
Indirect statement with φασί: Ἀρκάδες is the matrix subject, Πελασγός the nominative subject of γένοιτο; ὡς introduces the reported content. ταύτῃ agrees with γῇ, and πρῶτος is predicative to Πελασγός.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φασὶ | φημί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 φασὶ | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Ἀρκάδες | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N-NMP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 φασὶ | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 φασὶ | mark | medium | Introduces the content clause; can also be analyzed as a content-clause complementizer. |
| 5 | Πελασγὸς | Πελασγός | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 γένοιτο | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | γένοιτο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AOM-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 1 φασὶ | ccomp | high | Optative in reported assertion. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 9 γῇ | case | high | |
| 8 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 γῇ | det | high | |
| 9 | γῇ | γῆ | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 γένοιτο | obl | high | |
| 10 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | DET | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 9 γῇ | amod | high | Demonstrative agreeing with γῇ. |
| 11 | πρῶτος | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-NSM-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 γένοιτο | xcomp | medium | Predicative adjective, ‘first’; analyzed as secondary predicate of Πελασγός. |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 φασὶ | punct | high |
εἰκὸς δὲ ἔχει τοῦ λόγου καὶ ἄλλους ὁμοῦ τῷ Πελασγῷ μηδὲ αὐτὸν Πελασγὸν γενέσθαι μόνον·
The construction is impersonal εἰκός ἐστι with ἔχει understood in the sense ‘it is likely’; τοῦ λόγου is a genitive of respect/source, and Πελασγόν is a predicate accusative with γενέσθαι. The second μηδέ-clause coordinates an alternative inference: not Pelasgus alone became (the eponym), but others along with him. The exact force of ἔχει is somewhat idiomatic and confidence is reduced there.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰκὸς | εἰκός | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχει | nsubj | high | Impersonal neuter adjective, functioning as the subject of ἔχει with εἰμί understood. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἔχει | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating particle. |
| 3 | ἔχει | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Idiomatic/elliptical expression with εἰκός; εἰμί may be understood, while ἔχει contributes the sense ‘is likely/has plausibility’. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 λόγου | det | high | Article agreeing with λόγου. |
| 5 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχει | obl | medium | Genitive dependent on the idiomatic εἰκὸς ἔχει, plausibly genitive of respect or source (‘as regards the account’). |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἄλλους | cc | high | Coordinates ἄλλους with the following understood or overtly contrasted participant. |
| 7 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 γενέσθαι | nsubj | medium | Substantivized accusative plural, subject of the infinitive γενέσθαι. |
| 8 | ὁμοῦ | ὁμοῦ | ADV | ADV | _ | 14 γενέσθαι | advmod | high | Adverb meaning ‘together’. |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Πελασγῷ | det | high | Article agreeing with Πελασγῷ. |
| 10 | Πελασγῷ | Πελασγός | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ὁμοῦ | obl | high | Dative complement of ὁμοῦ, ‘together with Pelasgus’. |
| 11 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 14 γενέσθαι | cc | high | Coordinates the infinitival clause with an omitted preceding infinitival counterpart. |
| 12 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 14 γενέσθαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive, referring to Pelasgus. |
| 13 | Πελασγὸν | Πελασγός | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 γενέσθαι | xcomp | medium | Predicate accusative with γενέσθαι; alternatively appositional/epexegetical to αὐτόν. |
| 14 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2AMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 3 ἔχει | ccomp | high | Infinitive clause complement to the impersonal likelihood construction. |
| 15 | μόνον | μόνος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 αὐτὸν | advmod | high | Accusative adjective used adverbially with αὐτόν, ‘alone’. |
| 16 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἔχει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ποίων γὰρ ἂν καὶ ἦρχεν ὁ Πελασγὸς ἀνθρώπων;
Rhetorical question: ποίων is the genitive object/complement of ἦρχεν (‘ruled over what sort of people?’); ἄν with the imperfect marks potential/conditional force. Πελασγός is the subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ποίων | ποῖος | ADJ | A-????GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἀνθρώπων | amod | medium | Interrogative/relative-quality adjective agreeing substantivally with ἀνθρώπων; genitive plural masculine. |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G--------- | _ | 5 ἦρχεν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | D--------- | _ | 5 ἦρχεν | aux | high | Modal particle with imperfect indicative, giving potential/conditional force. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 5 ἦρχεν | advmod | medium | Adverbial καί, ‘also/even’; scope is the verbal predicate. |
| 5 | ἦρχεν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-IAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Imperfect active indicative, third singular; here ‘ruled over’ with genitive. |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NMS | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Πελασγὸς | det | high | Definite article. |
| 7 | Πελασγὸς | Πελασγός | PROPN | N---NMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἦρχεν | nsubj | high | Proper-name subject, nominative singular. |
| 8 | ἀνθρώπων | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N---GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἦρχεν | obl | high | Genitive governed by ἄρχω, ‘rule over people’; ποίων is its attributive interrogative modifier. |
| 9 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦρχεν | punct | high | Question mark punctuation. |
μεγέθει μέντοι καὶ κατὰ ἀλκὴν καὶ κάλλος προεἶχεν ὁ Πελασγὸς καὶ γνώμην ὑπὲρ τοὺς ἄλλους ἦν, καὶ τούτων ἕνεκα αἱρεθῆναί μοι δοκεῖ βασιλεύειν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν.
The sentence coordinates προεἶχεν and ἦν; δοκεῖ takes the passive infinitive αἱρεθῆναι, with βασιλεύειν as its purpose/complementary infinitive and ὑπὸ αὐτῶν as passive agent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μεγέθει | μέγεθος | NOUN | N--DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 προεἶχεν | obl | high | Dative of respect/measure. |
| 2 | μέντοι | μέντοι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 προεἶχεν | advmod | high | Postpositive adversative adverb. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 προεἶχεν | cc | high | |
| 4 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 ἀλκὴν | case | high | With accusative, indicating respect/criterion. |
| 5 | ἀλκὴν | ἀλκή | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 προεἶχεν | obl | high | Accusative of respect with κατά. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 κάλλος | cc | high | |
| 7 | κάλλος | κάλλος | NOUN | N--ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 προεἶχεν | obl | high | Coordinated criterion; κατά is understood. |
| 8 | προεἶχεν | προέχω | VERB | V3IAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Πελασγὸς | det | high | |
| 10 | Πελασγὸς | Πελασγός | PROPN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 προεἶχεν | nsubj | high | |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 ἦν | cc | high | Coordinates the second predication. |
| 12 | γνώμην | γνώμη | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 προεἶχεν | obl | high | Accusative of respect; coordinated with preceding qualities. |
| 13 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 τοὺς | case | high | With accusative, comparison. |
| 14 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L--APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἄλλους | det | high | |
| 15 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἦν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective in comparison. |
| 16 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 8 προεἶχεν | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate, with ὁ Πελασγός as subject. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 προεἶχεν | punct | high | |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 23 δοκεῖ | cc | high | Introduces the explanatory/result clause. |
| 19 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D-GPGN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 20 ἕνεκα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἕνεκα, ‘because of these things’. |
| 20 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | R-------- | _ | 23 δοκεῖ | case | high | Postposed genitive-taking postposition. |
| 21 | αἱρεθῆναί | αἱρέω | VERB | V3APN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 23 δοκεῖ | csubj | high | Aorist passive infinitive, subject of δοκεῖ. |
| 22 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P1---DS | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 | 23 δοκεῖ | iobj | high | Dative of the experiencer with δοκεῖ. |
| 23 | δοκεῖ | δοκέω | VERB | V3SPIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 προεἶχεν | conj | high | Impersonal ‘it seems to me’. |
| 24 | βασιλεύειν | βασιλεύω | VERB | V--PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 αἱρεθῆναί | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive dependent on αἱρεθῆναι: chosen to rule. |
| 25 | ὑπʼ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 αὐτῶν | case | high | Agentive ὑπό with genitive. |
| 26 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 αἱρεθῆναί | obl:agent | high | Agent of the passive infinitive. |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 προεἶχεν | punct | high |
πεποίηται δὲ καὶ Ἀσίῳ τοιάδε ἐς αὐτόν·
The syntax is elliptical: τοιάδε is best treated as a neuter plural subject ('such things'), with Ἀσίῳ as a dative participant and ἐς αὐτόν as the target/addressee phrase; the exact force of πεποίηται is context-dependent.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πεποίηται | ποιέω | VERB | V-RAM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle indicative, likely impersonal/passive in sense: 'has been made/composed'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 πεποίηται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 Ἀσίῳ | cc | high | Coordinating/additive particle introducing the dative participant. |
| 4 | Ἀσίῳ | Ἄσιος | PROPN | N-D-SM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 πεποίηται | obl | medium | Proper name in the dative; likely the author/person to whom the composition is attributed or related. |
| 5 | τοιάδε | τοιόσδε | PRON | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 πεποίηται | nsubj | high | Substantivized neuter plural demonstrative, 'such things'; nominative subject of πεποίηται. |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 7 αὐτόν | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 7 | αὐτόν | αὐτός | PRON | P-ASM3 | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 | 1 πεποίηται | obl | high | Accusative object of ἐς, expressing the person addressed or targeted. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 πεποίηται | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
Ἀντίθεον δὲ Πελασγὸν ἐν ὑψικόμοισιν ὄρεσσι γαῖα μέλαινʼ ἀνέδωκεν, ἵνα θνητῶν γένος εἴη.
Main clause: γαῖα μέλαινα ἀνέδωκεν Πελασγόν ἐν ὄρεσσι; ἵνα introduces a purpose clause with optative εἴη.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἀντίθεον | ἀντίθεος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 Πελασγὸν | amod | high | Accusative masculine singular adjective modifying Πελασγόν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C—— | _ | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Πελασγὸν | Πελασγός | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἀνέδωκεν. |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R—— | _ | 6 ὄρεσσι | case | high | Preposition governing the dative. |
| 5 | ὑψικόμοισιν | ὑψίκομος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ὄρεσσι | amod | high | Dative plural adjective modifying ὄρεσσι. |
| 6 | ὄρεσσι | ὄρος | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | obl | high | Dative locative complement of ἐν. |
| 7 | γαῖα | γαῖα | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀνέδωκεν. |
| 8 | μέλαινʼ | μέλας | ADJ | A-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 γαῖα | amod | high | Nominative feminine singular adjective modifying γαῖα. |
| 9 | ἀνέδωκεν | ἀναδίδωμι | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | punct | high | |
| 11 | ἵνα | ἵνα | SCONJ | C— | _ | 14 εἴη | mark | high | Introduces a purpose clause. |
| 12 | θνητῶν | θνητός | ADJ | A-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 13 γένος | nmod | high | Genitive plural dependent on γένος. |
| 13 | γένος | γένος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 εἴη | nsubj | high | Subject of εἴη. |
| 14 | εἴη | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAO-3S | Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | advcl | high | Optative in a purpose clause, with γένος as subject. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀνέδωκεν | punct | high |