Grammar parses for passage 8.15.7
Open translation for this passage
πῶς δὲ Τεῦκρος ᾤκισεν ἂν Σαλαμῖνα ἐν Κύπρῳ πόλιν, μηδενὸς ὡς ἀνέστρεψεν ἐκ Τροίας ἐκβαλόντος ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας;
The final genitive absolute (μηδενὸς ... ἐκβαλόντος) is syntactically dependent on the main interrogative; ὡς ἀνέστρεψεν is treated as its embedded clause, with some uncertainty about the precise semantic force of ὡς.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πῶς | πῶς | ADV | Adverb | PronType=Int | 4 ᾤκισεν | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 4 ᾤκισεν | cc | high | |
| 3 | Τεῦκρος | Τεῦκρος | PROPN | Noun-Nom.Masc.Sg | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ᾤκισεν | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | ᾤκισεν | οἰκίζω | VERB | Verb-Aor-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Potentially deliberative/interrogative in context. |
| 5 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | Particle | _ | 4 ᾤκισεν | advmod | high | Modal particle with the verb. |
| 6 | Σαλαμῖνα | Σαλαμίς | PROPN | Noun-Acc.Fem.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 πόλιν | nmod | medium | Place-name in apposition-like relation to πόλιν; accusative. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | Preposition | _ | 8 Κύπρῳ | case | high | |
| 8 | Κύπρῳ | Κύπρος | PROPN | Noun-Dat.Fem.Sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ᾤκισεν | obl | high | Prepositional locative complement of ᾤκισεν. |
| 9 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | Noun-Acc.Fem.Sg | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ᾤκισεν | obj | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ᾤκισεν | punct | high | |
| 11 | μηδενὸς | μηδείς | PRON | Pron-Gen.Masc.Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 16 ἐκβαλόντος | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 12 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 13 ἀνέστρεψεν | mark | medium | Introduces the reported/causal clause. |
| 13 | ἀνέστρεψεν | ἀναστρέφω | VERB | Verb-Aor-Act-Ind-3Sg | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 ἐκβαλόντος | ccomp | medium | Finite verb in the ὡς clause; subject is implicit/contextual. |
| 14 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | Preposition | _ | 15 Τροίας | case | high | |
| 15 | Τροίας | Τροία | PROPN | Noun-Gen.Fem.Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀνέστρεψεν | obl | high | |
| 16 | ἐκβαλόντος | ἐκβάλλω | VERB | Verb-Aor-Act-Part-Gen-Masc-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 ᾤκισεν | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute with μηδενός; participle is masculine singular genitive. |
| 17 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | Preposition | _ | 19 οἰκείας | case | high | |
| 18 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen.Fem.Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 οἰκείας | det | high | |
| 19 | οἰκείας | οἰκεῖος | ADJ | Adj-Gen-Fem-Sg | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 ἐκβαλόντος | obl | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘native land/home’; complement of ἐκβαλόντος. |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ᾤκισεν | punct | high |
δῆλα οὖν ἐστι Χαλκώδοντα οὐ τὸν ἐξ Εὐβοίας καὶ Τελαμῶνα οὐ τὸν Αἰγινήτην ἐπὶ Ἠλείους Ἡρακλεῖ μετεσχηκέναι τῆς στρατείας·
Infinitival clause μετεσχηκέναι is the complement of impersonal ἐστι with predicate δῆλα; Χαλκώδοντα and Τελαμῶνα are accusative subjects, each modified by οὐ plus an identifying relative-like article phrase. Ἡρακλεῖ is dative with μετεσχηκέναι; ἐπὶ Ἠλείους and τῆς στρατείας depend on the participation expression. The exact attachment of the coordinated accusative names is syntactically clear, though the article phrases are elliptical in identification.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δῆλα | δῆλος | ADJ | A--NNP | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἐστι | xcomp | high | Neuter plural predicate adjective with impersonal ἐστι, anticipating the infinitive. |
| 2 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 3 ἐστι | discourse | high | Inferential connective adverb. |
| 3 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | V3SPAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal copular verb governing δῆλα and the infinitival complement. |
| 4 | Χαλκώδοντα | Χαλκώδων | PROPN | N--SAP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 μετεσχηκέναι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive; proper name. |
| 5 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 4 Χαλκώδοντα | advmod | high | Negates the identifying phrase for Χαλκώδοντα. |
| 6 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Χαλκώδοντα | appos | medium | Articular identifying phrase in apposition to the proper name; elliptical nominal reference. |
| 7 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 Εὐβοίας | case | high | Preposition governing genitive Εὐβοίας. |
| 8 | Εὐβοίας | Εὔβοια | PROPN | N--SGF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 τὸν | nmod | high | Genitive complement within the identifying phrase. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 Τελαμῶνα | cc | high | Coordinates the two accusative name phrases. |
| 10 | Τελαμῶνα | Τελαμών | PROPN | N--SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 μετεσχηκέναι | nsubj | high | Second accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 11 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 10 Τελαμῶνα | advmod | high | Negates the identifying phrase for Τελαμῶνα. |
| 12 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 Τελαμῶνα | appos | medium | Articular identifying phrase in apposition to the proper name; elliptical nominal reference. |
| 13 | Αἰγινήτην | Αἰγινήτης | ADJ | A--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 τὸν | amod | high | Ethnic adjective agreeing with the article and understood noun. |
| 14 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 Ἠλείους | case | high | Preposition governing accusative Ἠλείους. |
| 15 | Ἠλείους | Ἠλεῖος | PROPN | N--PAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 μετεσχηκέναι | obl | high | Accusative object of ἐπί in the sense of expedition against. |
| 16 | Ἡρακλεῖ | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | N--DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 μετεσχηκέναι | iobj | high | Dative participant/associate with μετεσχηκέναι. |
| 17 | μετεσχηκέναι | μετέχω | VERB | V--RAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 3 ἐστι | csubj | high | Perfect active infinitive, syntactic subject/complement of impersonal ἐστι. |
| 18 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | RF--SGF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 στρατείας | det | high | Article modifying στρατείας. |
| 19 | στρατείας | στρατεία | NOUN | N--SGF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 μετεσχηκέναι | obl | medium | Genitive associated with μετέχω, expressing participation in the expedition. |
| 20 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 3 ἐστι | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ὁμώνυμοι δὲ ἐπιφανέσιν ἄνδρες ἀφανέστεροι καὶ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἔτι καὶ τὸν ἅπαντα ἐγίνοντο ὁμοίως χρόνον.
The sentence has a compressed comparative/predicative structure: ἄνδρες ἀφανέστεροι ἐγίνοντο, with ἐπιφανέσιν as the comparative standard; ἐφʼ ἡμῶν and τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον are temporal adjuncts.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁμώνυμοι | ὁμώνυμος | ADJ | A--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἄνδρες | amod | high | Predicative adjective agreeing with ἄνδρες. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐγίνοντο | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating particle. |
| 3 | ἐπιφανέσιν | ἐπιφανής | ADJ | A--PDN | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἀφανέστεροι | obl | medium | Dative of comparison with ἀφανέστεροι; form is ambiguous in gender but masculine with ἄνδρες. |
| 4 | ἄνδρες | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N--PNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐγίνοντο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγίνοντο. |
| 5 | ἀφανέστεροι | ἀφανής | ADJ | A--PNM-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ἐγίνοντο | xcomp | medium | Comparative predicative complement of ἐγίνοντο. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐγίνοντο | cc | high | Coordinates the temporal adjuncts. |
| 7 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 8 ἡμῶν | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί governing ἡμῶν. |
| 8 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | P---G1P- | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1 | 13 ἐγίνοντο | obl | medium | Temporal/limiting adjunct, ἐφʼ ἡμῶν, ‘in our time’. |
| 9 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐγίνοντο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the temporal assertion. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 χρόνον | cc | medium | Coordinates ἔτι with the following temporal phrase. |
| 11 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L---ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 χρόνον | det | high | Article agreeing with χρόνον. |
| 12 | ἅπαντα | ἅπας | ADJ | A---ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 χρόνον | amod | high | Adjective modifying χρόνον. |
| 13 | ἐγίνοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V3IIMI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite predicate, with ἄνδρες as subject and ἀφανέστεροι as predicative complement. |
| 14 | ὁμοίως | ὁμοίως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐγίνοντο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the predicate. |
| 15 | χρόνον | χρόνος | NOUN | N--ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐγίνοντο | obl | high | Accusative of duration. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high |