Grammar parses for passage 8.17.6
Open translation for this passage
ἐκ Φενεοῦ δὲ ἰόντι ἐπὶ τὴν ἑσπέρας καὶ ἡλίου δυσμῶν ἡ μὲν ἀριστερὰ τῶν ὁδῶν ἐς πόλιν ἄγει Κλείτορα, ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ ἐπὶ Νώνακριν καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς Στυγός.
The sentence has an elliptical directional construction: ἰόντι is a dative participle agreeing with an understood traveler; ἡ ἀριστερά [ὁδός] supplies the subject of ἄγει, while the second route clause has an understood ἄγει and subject, with ἐπὶ + accusative marking destination. ἑσπέρας is an accusative of time, and δυσμῶν is genitive dependent on ἡλίου.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | Case=Gen | 2 Φενεοῦ | case | high | |
| 2 | Φενεοῦ | Φενεός | PROPN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἰόντι | obl | high | Place name; genitive governed by ἐκ. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 ἄγει | cc | high | |
| 4 | ἰόντι | εἶμι | VERB | V--PAPDSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 18 ἄγει | advcl | medium | Dative circumstantial participle with an understood traveler. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 7 ἑσπέρας | case | high | |
| 6 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T--ASF | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἑσπέρας | det | high | |
| 7 | ἑσπέρας | ἑσπέρα | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἰόντι | obl | high | Accusative of time; ἐπί is temporal. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 δυσμῶν | cc | high | |
| 9 | ἡλίου | ἥλιος | NOUN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 δυσμῶν | nmod | high | |
| 10 | δυσμῶν | δυσμή | NOUN | N--GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 ἰόντι | obl | medium | Genitive absolute-like temporal phrase coordinated with ἑσπέρας; syntactically elliptical. |
| 11 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T--NSF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀριστερὰ | det | high | |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 13 ἀριστερὰ | discourse | high | Correlative μέν with following δέ. |
| 13 | ἀριστερὰ | ἀριστερός | ADJ | A--NSF | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the left [road]’. |
| 14 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPF | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 15 ὁδῶν | det | high | |
| 15 | ὁδῶν | ὁδός | NOUN | N--GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἀριστερὰ | nmod | high | Genitive partitive/relational with ἀριστερά. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 17 πόλιν | case | high | |
| 17 | πόλιν | πόλις | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | obl | high | Destination. |
| 18 | ἄγει | ἄγω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 19 | Κλείτορα | Κλείτωρ | PROPN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | obj | high | Destination name; appositional/clarifying accusative with πόλιν. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἄγει | punct | high | |
| 21 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | Case=Dat | 22 δεξιᾷ | case | high | |
| 22 | δεξιᾷ | δεξιός | ADJ | A--DSF | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘on the right [road/side]’. |
| 23 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 ἄγει | cc | high | Correlative contrast with μέν. |
| 24 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 25 Νώνακριν | case | high | |
| 25 | Νώνακριν | Νώνακρις | PROPN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | obl | high | Destination name. |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 28 ὕδωρ | cc | high | |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--NSN | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 28 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἄγει | conj | medium | Coordinated destination/goal phrase; understood verb ἄγει. |
| 29 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T--GSF | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 Στυγός | det | high | |
| 30 | Στυγός | Στύξ | PROPN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 ὕδωρ | nmod | high | Name of the water/river; genitive dependent on ὕδωρ. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἄγει | punct | high |
τὸ μὲν δὴ ἀρχαῖον ἡ Νώνακρις πόλισμα ἦν Ἀρκάδων καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Λυκάονος γυναικὸς τὸ ὄνομα εἰλήφει· τὰ δὲ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ἐρείπια ἦν, οὐδὲ τούτων τὰ πολλὰ ἔτι δῆλα.
The passage contains two coordinated clauses: Νώνακρις is an ancient πόλισμα, whose name had been taken from Lycaon's wife; in the writer's time it was ruins, with most of these no longer clear. The copular predicates are nominal, and οὐδὲ coordinates the final elliptical clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 πόλισμα | det | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X | _ | 8 ἦν | discourse | high | Correlative μέν; δέ follows later. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | X | _ | 8 ἦν | discourse | high | |
| 4 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 πόλισμα | amod | high | Predicative adjective with πόλισμα. |
| 5 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Νώνακρις | det | high | |
| 6 | Νώνακρις | Νώνακρις | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 πόλισμα | nmod | medium | Proper-name subject/appositional identifier of πόλισμα; feminine form. |
| 7 | πόλισμα | πόλισμα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root. |
| 9 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 πόλισμα | nmod | high | Genitive of affiliation/possession. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 17 εἰλήφει | cc | high | |
| 11 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R | _ | 14 γυναικὸς | case | high | |
| 12 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 γυναικὸς | det | high | |
| 13 | Λυκάονος | Λυκάων | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 γυναικὸς | nmod | high | Patronymic genitive modifying γυναικός. |
| 14 | γυναικὸς | γυνή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 εἰλήφει | obl | high | Source/origin complement of ἀπό. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 ὄνομα | det | high | |
| 16 | ὄνομα | ὄνομα | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 εἰλήφει | nsubj | high | Subject of εἰλήφει in a naming/result construction. |
| 17 | εἰλήφει | λαμβάνω | VERB | V-RAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 8 ἦν | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; καί links it to the first clause. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 19 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 23 ἐρείπια | det | high | |
| 20 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 24 ἦν | cc | high | Correlative with μέν. |
| 21 | ἐφʼ | ἐπί | ADP | R | _ | 22 ἡμῶν | case | high | Elided form of ἐπί. |
| 22 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | P-1GP | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 23 ἐρείπια | nmod | high | Genitive with ἐπί, 'in our time'. |
| 23 | ἐρείπια | ἐρείπιον | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 24 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 8 ἦν | parataxis | high | Singular copula with neuter plural subject, a regular Greek construction. |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 26 | οὐδὲ | οὐδέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 31 δῆλα | cc | high | Coordinates the final elliptical clause. |
| 27 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 29 πολλὰ | nmod | high | Partitive genitive: 'of these'. |
| 28 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 29 πολλὰ | det | high | |
| 29 | πολλὰ | πολύς | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 31 δῆλα | nsubj | high | Substantivized adjective, 'the greater part/many'. |
| 30 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D | _ | 31 δῆλα | advmod | high | |
| 31 | δῆλα | δῆλος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἦν | conj | medium | Predicate adjective in an elliptical clause: '(are) no longer clear'; copula omitted. |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἦν | punct | high |
τῶν δὲ ἐρειπίων οὐ πόρρω κρημνός ἐστιν ὑψηλός, οὐχ ἕτερον δʼ ἐς τοσοῦτον ἀνήκοντα ὕψους οἶδα·
The sentence coordinates an existential description with οἶδα; the second clause means that the speaker knows no other object reaching so great a height.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 ἐρειπίων | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 κρημνός | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐρειπίων | ἐρείπιον | NOUN | N--GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 πόρρω | obl | high | Genitive of reference/association with πόρρω. |
| 4 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 5 πόρρω | advmod | high | |
| 5 | πόρρω | πόρρω | ADV | D-------- | _ | 6 κρημνός | advmod | high | Predicate adverbial of distance. |
| 6 | κρημνός | κρημνός | NOUN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | ὑψηλός | ὑψηλός | ADJ | A--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 κρημνός | amod | high | Predicative adjective agreeing with κρημνός. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐστιν | punct | high | |
| 10 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 17 οἶδα | advmod | high | Negates οἶδα. |
| 11 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | ADJ | A--ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἀνήκοντα | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter accusative, ‘another [thing]’. |
| 12 | δʼ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 οἶδα | cc | high | Elided form δέ. |
| 13 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 16 ὕψους | case | high | |
| 14 | τοσοῦτον | τοσοῦτος | ADJ | A--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἀνήκοντα | advmod | medium | Accusative extent/degree modifying ἀνήκοντα; gender/number may reflect agreement with an understood masculine noun. |
| 15 | ἀνήκοντα | ἀνήκω | VERB | V-PPA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 11 ἕτερον | acl | medium | Present active participle modifying substantivized ἕτερον; ‘reaching’. |
| 16 | ὕψους | ὕψος | NOUN | N--GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἀνήκοντα | obl | high | Genitive of measure/extent with ἀνήκοντα. |
| 17 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V-RIA-1S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 ἐστιν | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate, with omitted repeated subject/object relation understood from context. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 οἶδα | punct | high |
καὶ ὕδωρ κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ στάζει, καλοῦσι δὲ Ἕλληνες αὐτὸ ὕδωρ Στυγός.
Two coordinated clauses: ὕδωρ is the subject of στάζει; καλοῦσι takes αὐτό as object and ὕδωρ Στυγός as a predicate nominal/name, with Ἕλληνες as subject. The prepositional phrase κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ is analyzed as the path/source of the dripping water.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 στάζει | cc | high | |
| 2 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N--NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 στάζει | nsubj | high | |
| 3 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | P--G | _ | 5 κρημνοῦ | case | high | |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | RA--GSN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 κρημνοῦ | det | high | |
| 5 | κρημνοῦ | κρημνός | NOUN | N--GSN- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 στάζει | obl | high | |
| 6 | στάζει | στάζω | VERB | V-PIA-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 στάζει | punct | high | |
| 8 | καλοῦσι | καλέω | VERB | V-PIA-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 στάζει | conj | high | Coordinated clause; subject Ἕλληνες follows. |
| 9 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 καλοῦσι | cc | high | |
| 10 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N--NP--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 καλοῦσι | nsubj | high | Ethnic designation functioning as a proper-name-like plural subject. |
| 11 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | PRON | P--AS---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 8 καλοῦσι | obj | high | |
| 12 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N--ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 καλοῦσι | xcomp | medium | Predicate accusative with καλοῦσι; alternatively appositional naming analysis is possible. |
| 13 | Στυγός | Στύξ | PROPN | N--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ὕδωρ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent in the name ὕδωρ Στυγός. |
| 14 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 καλοῦσι | punct | high |