Grammar parses for passage 8.18.4
Open translation for this passage
τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ κρημνοῦ τοῦ παρὰ τὴν Νώνακριν στάζον ἐσπίπτει μὲν πρῶτον ἐς πέτραν ὑψηλήν, διεξελθὸν δὲ διὰ τῆς πέτρας ἐς τὸν Κρᾶθιν ποταμὸν κάτεισι·
The participle στάζον modifies ὕδωρ; διεξελθόν is a coordinated circumstantial participle with the same subject. The first ἀπὸ phrase modifies κρημνοῦ, while παρὰ τὴν Νώνακριν modifies κρημνοῦ τοῦ ...; ἐς πέτραν is the goal of ἐσπίπτει and ἐς τὸν Κρᾶθιν ποταμόν the goal of κάτεισι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐσπίπτει | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐσπίπτει | nsubj | high | |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T----NSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 στάζον | det | high | Article with substantivized/agreement participle. |
| 5 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 κρημνοῦ | case | high | |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 κρημνοῦ | det | high | |
| 7 | κρημνοῦ | κρημνός | NOUN | N----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 στάζον | obl | high | Head of the source phrase ἀπὸ τοῦ κρημνοῦ. |
| 8 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T----GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 στάζον | det | high | |
| 9 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 Νώνακριν | case | high | |
| 10 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 Νώνακριν | det | high | |
| 11 | Νώνακριν | Νώνακρις | PROPN | Ne----AF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 κρημνοῦ | nmod | medium | Proper place name; παρὰ τὴν Νώνακριν is treated as a specifying adjunct to κρημνός. |
| 12 | στάζον | στάζω | VERB | V-PAP-NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 ἐσπίπτει | acl | high | Attributive participle agreeing with ὕδωρ. |
| 13 | ἐσπίπτει | ἐσπίπτω | VERB | V-PAI-3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X-------- | _ | 13 ἐσπίπτει | discourse | high | Correlative μέν anticipates δέ. |
| 15 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | A----NSN- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐσπίπτει | advmod | high | Adverbial neuter accusative/nominal form meaning first. |
| 16 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 17 πέτραν | case | high | |
| 17 | πέτραν | πέτρα | NOUN | N----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐσπίπτει | obl | high | |
| 18 | ὑψηλήν | ὑψηλός | ADJ | A----ASF- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 πέτραν | amod | high | |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐσπίπτει | punct | high | |
| 20 | διεξελθὸν | διεξέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAP-NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 κάτεισι | advcl | high | Aorist active participle, agreeing with ὕδωρ; circumstantial and temporally prior. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 29 κάτεισι | cc | high | |
| 22 | διὰ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 24 πέτρας | case | high | |
| 23 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 πέτρας | det | high | |
| 24 | πέτρας | πέτρα | NOUN | N----GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 διεξελθὸν | obl | high | Genitive after διά, expressing passage through. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 28 ποταμὸν | case | high | |
| 26 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ποταμὸν | det | high | |
| 27 | Κρᾶθιν | Κρᾶθις | PROPN | Ne----AM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ποταμὸν | compound | medium | River name; treated as nominal modifier of ποταμόν. |
| 28 | ποταμὸν | ποταμός | NOUN | N----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 κάτεισι | obl | high | |
| 29 | κάτεισι | κάτειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S-- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 13 ἐσπίπτει | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb; subject is shared ὕδωρ. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐσπίπτει | punct | high |
θάνατον δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ φέρει τοῦτο καὶ ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ ἄλλῳ ζῴῳ παντί.
Τοῦτο is the demonstrative subject of φέρει, while τὸ ὕδωρ is the topicalized object; ἀνθρώπῳ and ζῴῳ παντί are coordinated dative recipients/experiencers. The dative construction is semantically somewhat ambiguous, but is best analyzed as dative of disadvantage or affected entity.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | θάνατον | θάνατος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 φέρει | obj | high | Accusative object of φέρει; fronted for emphasis. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 φέρει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ὕδωρ | det | high | Article with ὕδωρ. |
| 4 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 φέρει | obj | medium | Neuter nominative/accusative syncretism; analyzed as a topicalized object of φέρει, with τοῦτο as subject. |
| 5 | φέρει | φέρω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite predicate. |
| 6 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | D-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 φέρει | nsubj | high | Demonstrative subject, agreeing with the singular neuter predicate. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 ἀνθρώπῳ | cc | high | Coordinates the two dative complements. |
| 8 | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 φέρει | obl | medium | Dative affected entity/recipient of the death-bearing action. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ζῴῳ | cc | high | Coordinates ζῴῳ with ἀνθρώπῳ. |
| 10 | ἄλλῳ | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ζῴῳ | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of ζῴῳ. |
| 11 | ζῴῳ | ζῷον | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 φέρει | obl | medium | Coordinated dative affected entity/recipient. |
| 12 | παντί | πᾶς | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ζῴῳ | amod | high | Attributive modifier of ζῴῳ. |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 5 φέρει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
λέγεται δὲ ὅτι γένοιτό ποτε ὄλεθρος ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἰξίν, αἳ τοῦ ὕδατος ἔπιον πρῶτον·
The sequence γύνοιτό ... ὄλεθρος ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἰξίν is syntactically difficult: αἰξίν is accusative plural and may reflect an elliptical or textually problematic continuation; its attachment is therefore low-certainty.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λέγεται | λέγω | VERB | V-3S-PMI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 λέγεται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὅτι | ὅτι | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 λέγεται | mark | high | Introduces reported content. |
| 4 | γένοιτό | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3S-2AOM | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 1 λέγεται | ccomp | medium | Aorist optative in reported/eventual statement; accent and form may reflect modal usage. |
| 5 | ποτε | ποτε | ADV | ADV | _ | 4 γένοιτό | advmod | high | |
| 6 | ὄλεθρος | ὄλεθρος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 γένοιτό | nsubj | high | Subject of γένοιτο. |
| 7 | ἀπʼ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 γένοιτό | case | high | Elided preposition. |
| 8 | αὐτοῦ | αὐτός | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 6 ὄλεθρος | nmod | medium | Genitive complement of ὄλεθρος, governed by ἀπό. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 αἰξίν | cc | high | |
| 10 | αἰξίν | αἴξ | NOUN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 γένοιτό | obl | medium | Accusative plural, likely coordinated with an omitted/complementary object or surviving elliptic construction; exact relation is uncertain. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 αἰξίν | punct | high | |
| 12 | αἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 15 ἔπιον | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun referring to αἶγες/αἰξίν in the preceding construction. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ὕδατος | det | high | |
| 14 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἔπιον | obj | high | Genitive object with πίνω. |
| 15 | ἔπιον | πίνω | VERB | V-3P-2AAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 γένοιτό | advcl | high | Relative-clause predicate. |
| 16 | πρῶτον | πρῶτος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Pos | 15 ἔπιον | advmod | high | Adverbial accusative, ‘first’. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 λέγεται | punct | high |
χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον ἐγνώσθη καὶ εἰ δή τι ἄλλο πρόσεστι τῷ ὕδατι τῶν ἐς θαῦμα ἡκόντων.
The impersonal passive ἐγνώσθη governs an embedded εἰ-clause: ‘it was later discovered whether anything else is present in the water’; τῶν ἐς θαῦμα ἡκόντων is a genitive substantivized participial phrase modifying τι ἄλλο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | N-dat-sg | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ὕστερον | obl | high | Dative of time. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐγνώσθη | cc | high | |
| 3 | ὕστερον | ὕστερος | ADV | ADV | _ | 4 ἐγνώσθη | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative, ‘later’. |
| 4 | ἐγνώσθη | γιγνώσκω | VERB | V- Aor-Pas-Ind-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal passive, ‘it was discovered/learned’. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 πρόσεστι | cc | medium | Coordinates the embedded clause with the preceding understood content. |
| 6 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 πρόσεστι | mark | high | Introduces an indirect interrogative/content clause. |
| 7 | δή | δή | PART | PART | _ | 8 τι | advmod | medium | Emphatic particle modifying the indefinite pronoun. |
| 8 | τι | τις | PRON | PX-NomAcc-Sg-Neut | Acc=Yes|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 10 πρόσεστι | nsubj | medium | Neuter indefinite subject of πρόσεστι; nominative and accusative are syncretic. |
| 9 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-NomAcc-Sg-Neut | Acc=Yes|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 τι | amod | high | Agrees with τι. |
| 10 | πρόσεστι | πρόσειμι | VERB | V-Pres-Act-Ind-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ἐγνώσθη | ccomp | high | Predicate of the embedded εἰ-clause. |
| 11 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-Dat-Sg-Neut | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ὕδατι | det | high | |
| 12 | ὕδατι | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-Dat-Sg-Neut | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 πρόσεστι | obl | high | Dative complement with πρόσειμι, ‘in/to the water’. |
| 13 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-Gen-Pl-Neut | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 ἡκόντων | det | high | Article substantivizing the participial phrase. |
| 14 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 15 θαῦμα | case | high | |
| 15 | θαῦμα | θαῦμα | NOUN | N-Acc-Sg-Neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἡκόντων | obl | high | Accusative object of ἐς in the idiom ἐς θαῦμα. |
| 16 | ἡκόντων | ἥκω | VERB | V-Pres-Act-Part-Gen-Pl | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 τι | acl | medium | Genitive substantivized participle, modifying τι ἄλλο: ‘things reaching the point of wonder’; gender may be neuter by attraction/agreement with the antecedent. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐγνώσθη | punct | high |