Grammar parses for passage 8.18.5
Open translation for this passage
ὕαλος μέν γε καὶ κρύσταλλος καὶ μόρρια καὶ ὅσα ἐστὶν ἀνθρώποις ἄλλα λίθου ποιούμενα καὶ τῶν σκευῶν τὰ κεραμεᾶ, τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς Στυγὸς τοῦ ὕδατος ῥήγνυται·
The coordinated nominative subjects (ὕαλος, κρύσταλλος, μόρρια, and the relative clause ὅσα ... ποιούμενα, plus τὰ κεραμεᾶ) are resumed by τὰ μὲν and governed by ῥήγνυται; ποιούμενα is a participial modifier of ὅσα, with ἀνθρώποις as dative of possession/reference and λίθου as material genitive.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὕαλος | ὕαλος | NOUN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ῥήγνυται | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μέν | μέν | PART | g-------- | _ | 1 ὕαλος | discourse | high | Correlative particle, answered by later μέν in the second coordinated phrase. |
| 3 | γε | γε | PART | g-------- | _ | 2 μέν | advmod | high | |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 1 ὕαλος | cc | high | |
| 5 | κρύσταλλος | κρύσταλλος | NOUN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ὕαλος | conj | high | |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 5 κρύσταλλος | cc | high | |
| 7 | μόρρια | μόρριον | NOUN | n-p---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 κρύσταλλος | conj | medium | Lexical form and number are somewhat uncertain; treated as neuter plural. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 7 μόρρια | cc | high | |
| 9 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | pr-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun introducing the following clause. |
| 10 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 14 ποιούμενα | cop | medium | Copular verb in the relative clause; construed with the participle ποιούμενα. |
| 11 | ἀνθρώποις | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | n-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ποιούμενα | iobj | medium | Dative of possession or reference. |
| 12 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | a-p---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ποιούμενα | amod | high | Substantivized adjective, modifying ὅσα/understood things. |
| 13 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ποιούμενα | obl | high | Material genitive with ποιούμενα. |
| 14 | ποιούμενα | ποιέω | VERB | v-pmppna- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 1 ὕαλος | acl:relcl | high | Predicative present middle/passive participle, agreeing with ὅσα. |
| 15 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 18 τὰ | cc | high | |
| 16 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | l-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 σκευῶν | det | high | |
| 17 | σκευῶν | σκεῦος | NOUN | n-p---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 τὰ | nmod | high | |
| 18 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 19 κεραμεᾶ | det | high | Article with substantivized κεραμεᾶ. |
| 19 | κεραμεᾶ | κεράμειος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 ῥήγνυται | nsubj | medium | Form treated as neuter plural adjective, ‘earthenware things’. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 ῥήγνυται | punct | high | |
| 21 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 28 ῥήγνυται | nsubj | high | Resumptive subject of ῥήγνυται. |
| 22 | μὲν | μέν | PART | g-------- | _ | 21 τὰ | discourse | high | |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | r-------- | _ | 25 Στυγὸς | case | high | Introduces the agent phrase. |
| 24 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | l-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 Στυγὸς | det | high | |
| 25 | Στυγὸς | Στύξ | PROPN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 ῥήγνυται | obl:agent | high | Genitive agent with passive ῥήγνυται. |
| 26 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | l-s---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 ὕδατος | det | high | |
| 27 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | n-s---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 Στυγὸς | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on Στυγός: ‘of the water’. |
| 28 | ῥήγνυται | ῥήγνυμι | VERB | v3spip--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Singular passive despite coordinated/neuter-plural material subjects; likely collective or textual/syntactic irregularity. |
| 29 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 28 ῥήγνυται | punct | high |
κεράτινα δὲ καὶ ὀστέινα σίδηρός τε καὶ χαλκός, ἔτι δὲ μόλιβδός τε καὶ κασσίτερος καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον ὑπὸ τούτου σήπεται τοῦ ὕδατος.
The nominative material names form a coordinated subject of singular passive σήπεται; ὑπὸ τούτου, with τοῦ ὕδατος as an appositional specification, expresses the agent/source.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κεράτινα | κεράτινος | ADJ | A--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural adjective: horn objects. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 σήπεται | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ὀστέινα | cc | high | |
| 4 | ὀστέινα | ὀστέινος | ADJ | A--NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural adjective: bone objects; coordinated with κεράτινα. |
| 5 | σίδηρός | σίδηρος | NOUN | N--NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 6 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 5 σίδηρός | cc | high | |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 χαλκός | cc | high | |
| 8 | χαλκός | χαλκός | NOUN | N--NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 σήπεται | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 23 σήπεται | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the continuing coordination. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 σήπεται | cc | high | |
| 12 | μόλιβδός | μόλιβδος | NOUN | N--NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 μόλιβδός | cc | high | |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 κασσίτερος | cc | high | |
| 15 | κασσίτερος | κασσίτερος | NOUN | N--NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ἄργυρος | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἄργυρος | ἄργυρος | NOUN | N--NOM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 ἤλεκτρον | cc | high | |
| 19 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T--NSN | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἤλεκτρον | det | high | |
| 20 | ἤλεκτρον | ἤλεκτρον | NOUN | N--NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 σήπεται | nsubj | high | |
| 21 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 23 σήπεται | obl:agent | high | Agent phrase with genitive. |
| 22 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | P--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 21 ὑπὸ | pobj | medium | Form is genitive neuter singular; agrees with τοῦ ὕδατος in reference. |
| 23 | σήπεται | σήπω | VERB | V--PMP-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | Passive singular verb with coordinated nominative substances as collective subject. |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T--GSM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 ὕδατος | det | high | |
| 25 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N--GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 τούτου | appos | medium | Appositional specification of τούτου: 'this water'. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 σήπεται | punct | high |
τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ ἐν μετάλλοις τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ ὁ χρυσὸς πέπονθε·
The neuter phrase τὸ αὐτό is the object of πέπονθε, with ἐν μετάλλοις τοῖς πᾶσι as a locative prepositional phrase; ὁ χρυσός is the coordinated subject. The participial perfect form πέπονθε is third-person singular perfect active of πάσχω.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 αὐτὸ | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 πέπονθε | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | PRON | P-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 11 πέπονθε | obj | high | Substantivized neuter accusative, ‘the same thing’. |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 μετάλλοις | case | high | |
| 5 | μετάλλοις | μέταλλον | NOUN | N-PND | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 πέπονθε | obl | high | Locative dative governed by ἐν. |
| 6 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 πᾶσι | det | high | |
| 7 | πᾶσι | πᾶς | ADJ | A-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 5 μετάλλοις | amod | high | Adjectival modifier, ‘all [mines/metals]’. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 10 χρυσὸς | cc | high | Coordinates ὁ χρυσός with the preceding subject understood from πέπονθε. |
| 9 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 χρυσὸς | det | high | |
| 10 | χρυσὸς | χρυσός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πέπονθε | nsubj | high | Coordinated subject of πέπονθε. |
| 11 | πέπονθε | πάσχω | VERB | V-RAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect active, third-person singular. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 πέπονθε | punct | high |
καίτοι γε καθαρεύειν γε τὸν χρυσὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰοῦ ἥ τε ποιήτρια μάρτυς ἐστὶν ἡ Λεσβία καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ χρυσὸς ἐπιδείκνυσιν.
Infinitival clause καθαρεύειν τὸν χρυσόν is governed by the evidential assertion; ἥ τε ποιήτρια μάρτυς ἐστὶν ἡ Λεσβία and αὐτὸς ὁ χρυσὸς ἐπιδείκνυσιν form coordinated evidence. The repeated γε is discourse-emphatic; ἰός is ambiguous lexically, here likely impurities/verdigris rather than an arrow or poison.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καίτοι | καίτοι | ADV | D--------- | Degree=Pos | 3 καθαρεύειν | discourse | high | Concessive/adversative discourse adverb. |
| 2 | γε | γε | PART | G--------- | _ | 1 καίτοι | advmod:emph | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 3 | καθαρεύειν | καθαρεύω | VERB | V-PAN---- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 21 ἐπιδείκνυσιν | ccomp | medium | Present active infinitive; construction understood as an asserted fact/evidence. |
| 4 | γε | γε | PART | G--------- | _ | 3 καθαρεύειν | advmod:emph | high | Emphatic particle attached to the infinitival assertion. |
| 5 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-SMA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 χρυσὸν | det | high | |
| 6 | χρυσὸν | χρυσός | NOUN | N-SMA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 καθαρεύειν | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 7 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R--------- | _ | 9 ἰοῦ | case | high | |
| 8 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-SMG---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 ἰοῦ | det | high | |
| 9 | ἰοῦ | ἰός | NOUN | N-SMG---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 καθαρεύειν | obl | medium | Genitive complement of ἀπό; lemma ἰός is lexically ambiguous. |
| 10 | ἥ | ὅς | PRON | P-SNF---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 12 ποιήτρια | nsubj | medium | Relative pronoun, likely introducing the coordinated witness phrase; antecedent is ποιήτρια. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 12 ποιήτρια | cc | high | Correlative/coordinating particle. |
| 12 | ποιήτρια | ποιήτρια | NOUN | N-SNF---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 μάρτυς | nsubj | medium | Subject within the witness predication; coordinated with the following evidence clause at a broad level. |
| 13 | μάρτυς | μάρτυς | NOUN | N-S---F-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἐστὶν | xcomp | high | Predicate nominative with εἰμί. |
| 14 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V- PAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 ἐπιδείκνυσιν | conj | medium | Copular predicate in coordinated evidential phrase; spacing in xpos normalized conceptually. |
| 15 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-SNF---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 Λεσβία | det | high | |
| 16 | Λεσβία | Λέσβιος | PROPN | A-SNF---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 ποιήτρια | appos | medium | Substantivized ethnic/adjectival name, appositional to ποιήτρια. |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 21 ἐπιδείκνυσιν | cc | high | Coordinates the two evidential predicates. |
| 18 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | P-SNM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes | 20 χρυσὸς | det | medium | Intensive pronoun used adjectivally with χρυσός; Reflex feature is uncertain in this emphatic use. |
| 19 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-SNM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 20 χρυσὸς | det | high | |
| 20 | χρυσὸς | χρυσός | NOUN | N-SNM---- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 ἐπιδείκνυσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπιδείκνυσιν. |
| 21 | ἐπιδείκνυσιν | ἐπιδείκνυμι | VERB | V-PAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main predicate; coordinates the witness assertion and the gold's own demonstration. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἐπιδείκνυσιν | punct | high |