Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 8.18.6

← 8.18.5 8.18.7 →

Passage 8.18.6

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3sentences parsed

88Greek tokens

2,554input tokens

6,224output tokens

Sentence 1

8.18.6 sentence 1

Tokens: 14
Input: 704
Output: 1,095
Total: 1,799

ἔδωκε δὲ ἄρα ὁ θεὸς τοῖς μάλιστα ἀπερριμμένοις κρατεῖν τῶν ὑπερηρκότων τῇ δόξῃ.

The main syntactic difficulty is the stacked participial phrase with κράτεῖν, where the genitive/dative dependents are semantically clear but the precise UD attachment among the complements is somewhat uncertain.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἔδωκε	δίδωμι	VERB	V-AIA-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Main verb.
2	δὲ	δέ	PART	G--------	_	1 ἔδωκε	discourse	high	Postpositive connective.
3	ἄρα	ἄρα	PART	D--------	_	1 ἔδωκε	discourse	high	Inferential particle.
4	ὁ	ὁ	DET	T-NSM	Case=Nom\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	5 θεὸς	det	high	Article modifying θεὸς.
5	θεὸς	θεός	NOUN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	1 ἔδωκε	nsubj	high	Subject of ἔδωκε.
6	τοῖς	ὁ	DET	T-DPM	Case=Dat\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	8 ἀπερριμμένοις	det	medium	Article with participle functioning substantively.
7	μάλιστα	μάλιστα	ADV	D--------	_	8 ἀπερριμμένοις	advmod	high	Modifies participle ἀπερριμμένοις.
8	ἀπερριμμένοις	ἀπορρίπτω	VERB	V-RPP-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	9 κρατεῖν	obl	medium	Dative substantival participle with article.
9	κρατεῖν	κρατέω	VERB	V-PAN	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Act	1 ἔδωκε	xcomp	high	Complement of ἔδωκε.
10	τῶν	ὁ	DET	T-GPM	Case=Gen\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	11 ὑπερηρκότων	det	high	Article with participle.
11	ὑπερηρκότων	ὑπεραίρω	VERB	V-RAP-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	9 κρατεῖν	obl	medium	Genitive participle dependent on infinitive, likely partitive/complementary phrase.
12	τῇ	ὁ	DET	T-DSF	Case=Dat\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	13 δόξῃ	det	high	Article with δόξῃ.
13	δόξῃ	δόξα	NOUN	N-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	11 ὑπερηρκότων	obl	medium	Dative noun dependent on participle; exact relation uncertain.
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	1 ἔδωκε	punct	high	Sentence-final punctuation.

Sentence 2

8.18.6 sentence 2

Tokens: 50
Input: 1,067
Output: 3,512
Total: 4,579

τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ τὰ μάργαρα ἀπόλλυσθαι πέφυκεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὄξους, τοῦτο δὲ τὸν ἀδάμαντα λίθων ὄντα ἰσχυρότατον τοῦ τράγου κατατήκει τὸ αἷμα· καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ οὐ δύναται τῆς Στυγὸς ὁπλὴν ἵππου βιάσασθαι μόνην, ἀλλὰ ἐμβληθὲν κατέχεταί τε ὑπʼ αὐτῆς καὶ οὐ διεργάζεται τὴν ὁπλήν.

Coordinated clauses with repeated demonstrative subjects; the genitive with Στυγός and the participial phrases are somewhat semantically ambiguous, but the clause structure is straightforward.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	τοῦτο	οὗτος	PRON	Pd-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	7 πέφυκεν	nsubj	high	Subject of πέφυκεν.
2	μὲν	μέν	PART	Pt	_	1 τοῦτο	discourse	high	Correlative particle.
3	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	Pt	_	7 πέφυκεν	discourse	high	Postpositive explanatory particle.
4	τὰ	ὁ	DET	At-APN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	5 μάργαρα	det	high	Article with μάργαρα.
5	μάργαρα	μάργαρον	NOUN	N-APN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	6 ἀπόλλυσθαι	nsubj	high	Subject of ἀπόλλυσθαι.
6	ἀπόλλυσθαι	ἀπόλλυμι	VERB	V-PMN	Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	7 πέφυκεν	xcomp	high	Complement infinitive with πέφυκεν.
7	πέφυκεν	φύω	VERB	V-3SRAI	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Perf\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Main verb; perfect with present sense.
8	ὑπὸ	ὑπό	ADP	R	_	10 ὄξους	case	high	Introduces agent/instrument phrase.
9	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	At-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	10 ὄξους	det	high	Article with ὄξους.
10	ὄξους	ὄξος	NOUN	N-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	7 πέφυκεν	obl	high	Oblique phrase with ὑπό.
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	7 πέφυκεν	punct	high	Punctuation.
12	τοῦτο	οὗτος	PRON	Pd-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	21 κατατήκει	nsubj	high	Subject of κατατήκει.
13	δὲ	δέ	PART	Pt	_	12 τοῦτο	discourse	high	Correlative particle.
14	τὸν	ὁ	DET	At-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	15 ἀδάμαντα	det	high	Article with ἀδάμαντα.
15	ἀδάμαντα	ἀδάμας	NOUN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	21 κατατήκει	obj	high	Direct object of κατατήκει.
16	λίθων	λίθος	NOUN	N-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	17 ὄντα	nmod	medium	Genitive dependent of ὄντα; likely partitive/material nuance.
17	ὄντα	εἰμί	VERB	V-PAP-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	15 ἀδάμαντα	amod	medium	Attributive participle modifying ἀδάμαντα.
18	ἰσχυρότατον	ἰσχυρός	ADJ	A-ASM-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Sup\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	15 ἀδάμαντα	amod	high	Superlative adjective modifying ἀδάμαντα.
19	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	At-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	20 τράγου	det	high	Article with τράγου.
20	τράγου	τράγος	NOUN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	23 αἷμα	nmod	high	Genitive dependent of αἷμα.
21	κατατήκει	κατατήκω	VERB	V-3SPIA	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Second coordinated main verb.
22	τὸ	ὁ	DET	At-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	23 αἷμα	det	high	Article with αἷμα.
23	αἷμα	αἷμα	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	21 κατατήκει	nsubj	high	Subject of κατατήκει.
24	·	·	PUNCT	_	_	21 κατατήκει	punct	high	Punctuation.
25	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Cc	_	31 δύναται	cc	high	Coordinating conjunction.
26	δὴ	δή	PART	Pt	_	31 δύναται	discourse	high	Discourse particle.
27	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Cc	_	31 δύναται	cc	high	Coordinating conjunction.
28	τὸ	ὁ	DET	At-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	29 ὕδωρ	det	high	Article with ὕδωρ.
29	ὕδωρ	ὕδωρ	NOUN	N-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	31 δύναται	nsubj	high	Subject of δύναται.
30	οὐ	οὐ	PART	Pt	_	31 δύναται	advmod	high	Negation.
31	δύναται	δύναμαι	VERB	V-3SPIE	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Third main predicate.
32	τῆς	ὁ	DET	At-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	33 Στυγὸς	det	high	Article with Στυγός.
33	Στυγὸς	Στύξ	PROPN	N-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	36 βιάσασθαι	obl	medium	Genitive dependent of infinitive; semantics somewhat uncertain.
34	ὁπλὴν	ὁπλή	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	36 βιάσασθαι	obj	high	Object of βιάσασθαι.
35	ἵππου	ἵππος	NOUN	N-GSM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	34 ὁπλὴν	nmod	high	Genitive modifier of ὁπλήν.
36	βιάσασθαι	βιάζω	VERB	V-ANM	Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	31 δύναται	xcomp	high	Complement infinitive with δύναται.
37	μόνην	μόνος	ADJ	A-ASF-S	Case=Acc\|Degree=Pos\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	34 ὁπλὴν	amod	high	Adjective modifying ὁπλήν.
38	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	31 δύναται	punct	high	Punctuation.
39	ἀλλὰ	ἀλλά	CCONJ	Cc	_	41 κατέχεταί	cc	high	Adversative conjunction.
40	ἐμβληθὲν	ἐμβάλλω	VERB	V-APP-NSN	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Pass	41 κατέχεταί	advcl	high	Participial clause modifying κατέχεταί.
41	κατέχεταί	κατέχω	VERB	V-3SPIE	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Fourth main predicate.
42	τε	τε	PART	Pt	_	41 κατέχεταί	discourse	high	Enclitic connective particle.
43	ὑπʼ	ὑπό	ADP	R	_	44 αὐτῆς	case	high	Introduces agent phrase.
44	αὐτῆς	αὐτός	PRON	P-3FSG	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs	41 κατέχεταί	obl	high	Agent/instrument with passive-like middle.
45	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	Cc	_	47 διεργάζεται	cc	high	Coordinating conjunction.
46	οὐ	οὐ	PART	Pt	_	47 διεργάζεται	advmod	high	Negation.
47	διεργάζεται	διεργάζομαι	VERB	V-3SPIE	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Mid	41 κατέχεταί	conj	high	Coordinated verb with κατέχεταί.
48	τὴν	ὁ	DET	At-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	49 ὁπλήν	det	high	Article with ὁπλήν.
49	ὁπλήν	ὁπλή	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	47 διεργάζεται	obj	high	Object of διεργάζεται.
50	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	41 κατέχεταί	punct	high	Punctuation.

Sentence 3

8.18.6 sentence 3

Tokens: 24
Input: 783
Output: 1,617
Total: 2,400

εἰ δὲ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου συνέβη τὴν τελευτὴν διὰ τοῦ φαρμάκου γενέσθαι τούτου, σαφῶς μὲν οὐκ οἶδα, λεγόμενον δὲ οἶδα.

The syntax is somewhat elliptical: συνέβη takes an infinitival complement γενέσθαι with an accusative object τελευτήν and a διά + genitive phrase; the clause with λεγόμενον δὲ οἶδα is paratactic and slightly parenthetical.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	εἰ	εἰ	SCONJ	_	_	7 συνέβη	mark	high	conditional particle introducing the clause
2	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	7 συνέβη	discourse	high	postpositive connective
3	καὶ	καί	PART	_	_	4 Ἀλεξάνδρου	advmod	medium	likely 'also/even' modifying Ἀλεξάνδρου
4	Ἀλεξάνδρου	Ἀλέξανδρος	PROPN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	7 συνέβη	nsubj	medium	subject of συνέβη in genitive absolute-like construction/attracted genitive
5	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	6 Φιλίππου	det	high	article
6	Φιλίππου	Φίλιππος	PROPN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	4 Ἀλεξάνδρου	nmod	high	appositive/genitival modifier of Ἀλεξάνδρου
7	συνέβη	συμβαίνω	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	matrix verb
8	τὴν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	9 τελευτὴν	det	high	article
9	τελευτὴν	τελευτή	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	13 γενέσθαι	obj	medium	accusative complement of γενέσθαι
10	διὰ	διά	ADP	_	_	12 φαρμάκου	case	high	governs genitive
11	τοῦ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	12 φαρμάκου	det	high	article
12	φαρμάκου	φάρμακον	NOUN	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	13 γενέσθαι	obl	high	object of διά
13	γενέσθαι	γίγνομαι	VERB	_	Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Inf\|Voice=Mid	7 συνέβη	ccomp	high	complement of συνέβη
14	τούτου	οὗτος	DET	_	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	12 φαρμάκου	det	medium	likely modifies φαρμάκου or phrase; ambiguity in attachment
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	7 συνέβη	punct	high	comma
16	σαφῶς	σαφῶς	ADV	_	_	19 οἶδα	advmod	high	modifies οἶδα
17	μὲν	μέν	PART	_	_	19 οἶδα	discourse	high	correlative particle
18	οὐκ	οὐ	PART	_	_	19 οἶδα	advmod	high	negation
19	οἶδα	οἶδα	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=1\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	7 συνέβη	parataxis	high	first-person finite verb
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	19 οἶδα	punct	high	comma
21	λεγόμενον	λέγω	VERB	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	23 οἶδα	advcl	medium	participle; syntax somewhat uncertain, maybe concessive/parenthetical
22	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	23 οἶδα	discourse	high	postpositive connective
23	οἶδα	οἶδα	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=1\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	7 συνέβη	parataxis	high	second coordinated finite verb
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	7 συνέβη	punct	high	sentence-final punctuation

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