Grammar parses for passage 8.2.6
Open translation for this passage
ἐν δὲ τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι πολλὰ μὲν πάλαι συμβάντα, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἔτι γινόμενα ἄπιστα εἶναι πεποιήκασιν ἐς τοὺς πολλοὺς οἱ τοῖς ἀληθέσιν ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἐψευσμένα.
The sentence contains a compressed, somewhat irregular participial construction: πεποιήκασιν governs an accusative-and-infinitive clause, while the final substantivized participles (οἱ ... ἐποικοδομοῦντες, ἐψευσμένα) are difficult to attach with complete certainty.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 αἰῶνι | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 πεποιήκασιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 παντὶ | det | high | |
| 4 | παντὶ | πᾶς | ADJ | A-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 αἰῶνι | amod | high | |
| 5 | αἰῶνι | αἰών | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 πεποιήκασιν | obl | high | |
| 6 | πολλὰ | πολύς | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 εἶναι | nsubj | medium | Neuter plural subject of the infinitive, with συμβάντα and γινόμενα substantivized. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PARTICLE | _ | 6 πολλὰ | discourse | high | |
| 8 | πάλαι | πάλαι | ADV | ADV | _ | 9 συμβάντα | advmod | high | |
| 9 | συμβάντα | συμβαίνω | VERB | VAAPNP | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 6 πολλὰ | acl | high | Substantivized aorist participle coordinated semantically with τὰ ... γινόμενα. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 συμβάντα | punct | high | |
| 11 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 γινόμενα | det | high | Article substantivizes γινόμενα. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 γινόμενα | cc | high | |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 γινόμενα | cc | high | |
| 14 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 15 γινόμενα | advmod | high | |
| 15 | γινόμενα | γίγνομαι | VERB | VPMPNP | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 6 πολλὰ | conj | high | Substantivized present middle participle, coordinated with συμβάντα. |
| 16 | ἄπιστα | ἄπιστος | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 εἶναι | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective in the accusative-and-infinitive construction. |
| 17 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 18 πεποιήκασιν | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on πεποιήκασιν. |
| 18 | πεποιήκασιν | ποιέω | VERB | V-RIAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect form with present resultative force; governs the infinitival complement. |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 21 πολλοὺς | case | high | |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 πολλοὺς | det | high | |
| 21 | πολλοὺς | πολύς | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 πεποιήκασιν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective meaning the many/common people. |
| 22 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ἐποικοδομοῦντες | det | high | Article substantivizes the participle. |
| 23 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἀληθέσιν | det | high | |
| 24 | ἀληθέσιν | ἀληθής | ADJ | A-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 25 ἐποικοδομοῦντες | obl | medium | Dative object/complement of ἐποικοδομοῦντες, probably ‘building upon true things’. |
| 25 | ἐποικοδομοῦντες | ἐποικοδομέω | VERB | VPAPNP | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 26 ἐψευσμένα | acl | medium | Substantivized participle, subject of the passive/resultative ἐψευσμένα; the participial phrase is syntactically compressed. |
| 26 | ἐψευσμένα | ψεύδω | VERB | VRPPNP | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 18 πεποιήκασιν | nsubj | low | Form is nominative neuter plural perfect passive participle; agreement and attachment are difficult in the transmitted compressed syntax. |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 πεποιήκασιν | punct | high |
λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ ὡς Λυκάονος ὕστερον ἀεί τις ἐξ ἀνθρώπου λύκος γίνοιτο ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ τοῦ Λυκαίου Διός, γίνοιτο δὲ οὐκ ἐς ἅπαντα τὸν βίον·
The infinitive-like optatives γίνοιτο are third-person singular present middle/passive optative, with the second coordinated clause elliptical in its subject and understood as repeating the wolf transformation. ὡς introduces the content clause; ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ is a circumstance associated with the transformation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λέγουσι | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | --------- | _ | 1 λέγουσι | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | --------- | _ | 1 λέγουσι | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | --------- | _ | 1 λέγουσι | mark | high | Introduces reported content. |
| 5 | Λυκάονος | Λυκάων | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ὕστερον | obl | high | Genitive in the temporal expression. |
| 6 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | D--------- | _ | 12 γίνοιτο | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, ‘afterward/after Lycaon’. |
| 7 | ἀεί | ἀεί | ADV | D--------- | _ | 12 γίνοιτο | advmod | high | |
| 8 | τις | τις | PRON | PX-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 12 γίνοιτο | nsubj | high | Indefinite subject of γίνοιτο. |
| 9 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 10 ἀνθρώπου | case | high | Variant form of ἐκ. |
| 10 | ἀνθρώπου | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 γίνοιτο | obl | high | Source/material complement of the transformation. |
| 11 | λύκος | λύκος | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 γίνοιτο | xcomp | high | Predicate nominative with γίνοιτο. |
| 12 | γίνοιτο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2MPO-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 4 ὡς | ccomp | high | |
| 13 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 θυσίᾳ | case | high | |
| 14 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | P-D-SF | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 θυσίᾳ | det | high | |
| 15 | θυσίᾳ | θυσία | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 γίνοιτο | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐπί. |
| 16 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 Διός | det | high | |
| 17 | Λυκαίου | Λύκαιος | ADJ | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 Διός | amod | high | Epithet of Zeus. |
| 18 | Διός | Ζεύς | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 θυσίᾳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on θυσίᾳ. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 γίνοιτο | punct | high | |
| 20 | γίνοιτο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2MPO-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 1 λέγουσι | conj | high | Second coordinated optative; subject and predicate are elliptical/understood from the first clause. |
| 21 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | --------- | _ | 20 γίνοιτο | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause. |
| 22 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | --------- | Polarity=Neg | 20 γίνοιτο | advmod | high | Negative particle. |
| 23 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 26 βίον | case | high | Variant form of εἰς. |
| 24 | ἅπαντα | ἅπας | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 βίον | amod | high | Substantivized adjective modifying βίον. |
| 25 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 βίον | det | high | |
| 26 | βίον | βίος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 γίνοιτο | obl | high | Duration/extent complement of εἰς. |
| 27 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 λέγουσι | punct | high |
ὁπότε δὲ εἴη λύκος, εἰ μὲν κρεῶν ἀπόσχοιτο ἀνθρωπίνων, ὕστερον ἔτει δεκάτῳ φασὶν αὐτὸν αὖθις ἄνθρωπον ἐκ λύκου γίνεσθαι, γευσάμενον δὲ ἐς ἀεὶ μένειν θηρίον.
φασίν governs coordinated infinitival reports: αὐτὸν ... γίνεσθαι versus (γευσάμενον) ... μένειν; token 28 has an unusual nominative form and is annotated cautiously as a predicate noun.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὁπότε | ὁπότε | SCONJ | AdvRel | PronType=Rel | 3 εἴη | mark | high | Temporal relative/subordinating conjunction. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 εἴη | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | εἴη | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 15 φασὶν | advcl | high | Optative in temporal protasis. |
| 4 | λύκος | λύκος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 εἴη | xcomp | high | Predicate nominative with εἴη. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 εἴη | punct | high | |
| 6 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ἀπόσχοιτο | mark | high | Conditional conjunction. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 9 ἀπόσχοιτο | advmod | high | Correlative particle. |
| 8 | κρεῶν | κρέας | NOUN | N-GPN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ἀπόσχοιτο | obl | high | Genitive with ἀπέχω, source/object of abstention. |
| 9 | ἀπόσχοιτο | ἀπέχω | VERB | V-PAO-3S-M | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 15 φασὶν | advcl | high | Optative protasis; subject understood as the wolf/person. |
| 10 | ἀνθρωπίνων | ἀνθρώπινος | ADJ | A-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 κρεῶν | amod | medium | Likely substantival/elliptical feminine plural modifying understood κρεῶν; agreement is difficult. |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἀπόσχοιτο | punct | high | |
| 12 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | ADV | _ | 15 φασὶν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying the reported transformation. |
| 13 | ἔτει | ἔτος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 12 ὕστερον | obl | high | Dative of time. |
| 14 | δεκάτῳ | δέκατος | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἔτει | amod | high | Ordinal modifying ἔτει. |
| 15 | φασὶν | φημί | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main reporting verb. |
| 16 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 21 γίνεσθαι | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 17 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | ADV | _ | 21 γίνεσθαι | advmod | high | Adverb meaning again. |
| 18 | ἄνθρωπον | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 γίνεσθαι | xcomp | high | Predicate accusative with γίνεσθαι. |
| 19 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 λύκου | case | high | Preposition governing λύκου. |
| 20 | λύκου | λύκος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 γίνεσθαι | obl | high | Source complement of γίνεσθαι. |
| 21 | γίνεσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-PMN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 15 φασὶν | ccomp | high | Infinitival complement of φασίν. |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 γίνεσθαι | punct | high | |
| 23 | γευσάμενον | γεύομαι | VERB | V-AMP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 27 μένειν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle, sharing the accusative subject αὐτόν. |
| 24 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 γευσάμενον | cc | high | Adversative/continuative connective. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 26 ἀεὶ | case | high | Preposition governing ἀεί. |
| 26 | ἀεὶ | ἀεί | ADV | ADV | _ | 27 μένειν | obl | high | Duration expression with ἐς. |
| 27 | μένειν | μένω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 15 φασὶν | ccomp | medium | Coordinated infinitival complement of φασίν; contrastive result. |
| 28 | θηρίον | θηρίον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 27 μένειν | xcomp | medium | Predicate noun with μένειν; nominative is possible in an impersonalized/copular construction, though an accusative predicate parallel to ἄνθρωπον may be expected. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 φασὶν | punct | high |