Grammar parses for passage 8.22.5
Open translation for this passage
αὗται τοῖς ἐπὶ ἄγραν αὐτῶν ἀφικνουμένοις ἐπιπέτανται, καὶ τιτρώσκουσί τε τοῖς ῥάμφεσι καὶ ἀποκτείνουσιν.
αὗται is the subject of the coordinated predicates ἐπιπέτανται, τιτρώσκουσι, and ἀποκτείνουσι. The dative participial phrase τοῖς ... ἀφικνουμένοις is the target/group against whom the birds act; ἐπὶ ἄγραν expresses purpose, and αὐτῶν is the genitive object of ἄγραν. The dative τοῖς ῥάμφεσι is instrumental.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὗται | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 7 ἐπιπέτανται | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἀφικνουμένοις | obl | high | Article substantivizes/agrees with the dative participle. |
| 3 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P2 | _ | 4 ἄγραν | case | high | |
| 4 | ἄγραν | ἄγρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἀφικνουμένοις | obl | high | Accusative of purpose with ἐπί. |
| 5 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 4 ἄγραν | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on ἄγραν; antecedent is the dative group or the birds, depending on interpretation. |
| 6 | ἀφικνουμένοις | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-PPM-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 7 ἐπιπέτανται | obl | high | Substantivized dative present middle participle. |
| 7 | ἐπιπέτανται | ἐπιπέτομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐπιπέτανται | punct | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 10 τιτρώσκουσί | cc | high | |
| 10 | τιτρώσκουσί | τιτρώσκω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 7 ἐπιπέτανται | conj | high | Coordinated predicate; τε further coordinates the following predicate. |
| 11 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C- | _ | 10 τιτρώσκουσί | cc | high | |
| 12 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | RA-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 ῥάμφεσι | det | high | |
| 13 | ῥάμφεσι | ῥάμφος | NOUN | N-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 τιτρώσκουσί | obl:instr | high | Instrumental dative. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C- | _ | 15 ἀποκτείνουσιν | cc | high | |
| 15 | ἀποκτείνουσιν | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 10 τιτρώσκουσί | conj | high | Predicate coordinated with τιτρώσκουσι. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐπιπέτανται | punct | high |
ὅσα μὲν δὴ χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου φοροῦσιν ἄνθρωποι, διατρυπῶσιν αἱ ὄρνιθες·
Relative-correlative ὅσα is the fronted object of φοροῦσιν and, with μὲν, sets up the contrasting main clause; χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου are genitives of material/content with φοροῦσιν. The birds are the subject of διατρυπῶσιν, whose object is the fronted relative pronoun ὅσα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | AP-NPN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 7 φοροῦσιν | obj | high | Neuter plural relative-correlative pronoun; fronted object of φοροῦσιν and resumptive semantic object of διατρυπῶσιν. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G-------- | Polarity=Pos | 7 φοροῦσιν | discourse | high | Correlative particle introducing the μεν-clause. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G-------- | _ | 7 φοροῦσιν | discourse | high | Emphatic/confirmatory particle. |
| 4 | χαλκοῦ | χαλκός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 φοροῦσιν | nmod | medium | Genitive of material or content with φοροῦσιν. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 σιδήρου | cc | high | Coordinates the two genitive material nouns. |
| 6 | σιδήρου | σίδηρος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 φοροῦσιν | nmod | high | Genitive of material or content with φοροῦσιν; coordinated with χαλκοῦ. |
| 7 | φοροῦσιν | φορέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 10 διατρυπῶσιν | advcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause; subject is ἄνθρωποι. |
| 8 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 φοροῦσιν | nsubj | high | Explicit subject of φοροῦσιν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 διατρυπῶσιν | punct | high | |
| 10 | διατρυπῶσιν | διατρυπάω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate; means ‘pierce through’. |
| 11 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPF | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 ὄρνιθες | det | high | Definite article agreeing with ὄρνιθες. |
| 12 | ὄρνιθες | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 διατρυπῶσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of διατρυπῶσιν. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 διατρυπῶσιν | punct | high |
ἢν δὲ ἐσθῆτα φλοΐνην παχεῖαν πλέξωνται, τὰ ῥάμφη τῶν Στυμφαλίδων ὑπὸ τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἔχεται τῆς φλοΐνης, καθὰ καὶ πτέρυγες ὀρνίθων τῶν μικρῶν προσέχονται τῷ ἰξῷ.
The main clause uses singular ἔχεται with neuter plural ῥάμφη, plausibly reflecting collective or textual variation; the comparison parallels it with plural πτέρυγες προσέχονται.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἢν | ἐάν | SCONJ | CONJ | PronType=Rel | 6 πλέξωνται | mark | high | Conditional particle introducing the protasis. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 πλέξωνται | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐσθῆτα | ἐσθής | NOUN | N-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 πλέξωνται | obj | high | |
| 4 | φλοΐνην | φλοιΐνος | ADJ | A-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 ἐσθῆτα | amod | high | |
| 5 | παχεῖαν | παχύς | ADJ | A-AFS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 ἐσθῆτα | amod | high | |
| 6 | πλέξωνται | πλέκω | VERB | V-SAM-3P | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 15 ἔχεται | advcl | high | Aorist middle subjunctive in the conditional protasis. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 πλέξωνται | punct | high | |
| 8 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 ῥάμφη | det | high | |
| 9 | ῥάμφη | ῥάμφος | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἔχεται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of passive ἔχεται. |
| 10 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 11 Στυμφαλίδων | det | high | |
| 11 | Στυμφαλίδων | Στυμφαλίς | PROPN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 ῥάμφη | nmod | high | Genitive identifying the Stymphalian birds. |
| 12 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 ἐσθῆτος | case | high | |
| 13 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ἐσθῆτος | det | high | |
| 14 | ἐσθῆτος | ἐσθής | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἔχεται | obl:agent | high | Agent-like complement of the passive verb. |
| 15 | ἔχεται | ἔχω | VERB | V-PPM-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Middle/passive-form verb; singular agrees with collective/neuter subject in the transmitted wording. |
| 16 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 17 φλοΐνης | det | high | |
| 17 | φλοΐνης | φλοιΐνος | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἐσθῆτος | nmod | high | Appositional/qualifying genitive, ‘of the bark garment’. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἔχεται | punct | high | |
| 19 | καθὰ | καθά | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 25 προσέχονται | mark | high | Comparative subordinator. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 πτέρυγες | cc | high | Coordinates the comparative clause with the main predication. |
| 21 | πτέρυγες | πτέρυξ | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 25 προσέχονται | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 22 | ὀρνίθων | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 πτέρυγες | nmod | high | |
| 23 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 μικρῶν | det | high | |
| 24 | μικρῶν | μικρός | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ὀρνίθων | amod | high | Adjective modifying ὀρνίθων. |
| 25 | προσέχονται | προσέχω | VERB | V-PPM-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 15 ἔχεται | advcl | high | Comparative clause; middle/passive-form verb ‘are attached’. |
| 26 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 ἰξῷ | det | high | |
| 27 | ἰξῷ | ἰξός | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 προσέχονται | obl | high | Dative complement of προσέχονται. |
| 28 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἔχεται | punct | high |
αὗται μέγεθος μὲν κατὰ γέρανόν εἰσιν αἱ ὄρνιθες, ἐοίκασι δὲ ἴβεσι, ῥάμφη δὲ ἀλκιμώτερα φέρουσι καὶ οὐ σκολιὰ ὥσπερ αἱ ἴβεις.
Three coordinated predicates describe the birds: size like a crane, appearance like ibises, and stronger, non-crooked bills; the coordination structure is represented with εἰσιν as the first root and the later predicates coordinated to it.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὗται | οὗτος | PRON | PD-NPF | Case=Nom|Deixis=Remt|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 8 ὄρνιθες | nsubj | high | Demonstrative subject, agreeing with ὄρνιθες. |
| 2 | μέγεθος | μέγεθος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 εἰσιν | obl | medium | Accusative of respect: in size. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | X | _ | 6 εἰσιν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, answered by δὲ. |
| 4 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | P | _ | 5 γέρανόν | case | high | Preposition governing γέρανόν. |
| 5 | γέρανόν | γέρανος | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 εἰσιν | obl | high | Object of κατά; comparison with a crane. |
| 6 | εἰσιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular main predicate. |
| 7 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 ὄρνιθες | det | high | |
| 8 | ὄρνιθες | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 εἰσιν | nsubj | high | Predicative identification with εἰσιν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 εἰσιν | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἐοίκασι | ἔοικα | VERB | V-RAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Second coordinated predicate; perfect form with present-like meaning. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | X | _ | 10 ἐοίκασι | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause. |
| 12 | ἴβεσι | ἴβις | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 10 ἐοίκασι | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐοίκασι: resemble ibises. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἐοίκασι | punct | high | |
| 14 | ῥάμφη | ῥάμφος | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 φέρουσι | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject of φέρουσι. |
| 15 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | X | _ | 17 φέρουσι | cc | high | Coordinates the third clause. |
| 16 | ἀλκιμώτερα | ἀλκιμός | ADJ | A-NPN-C | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 ῥάμφη | amod | high | Comparative adjective modifying ῥάμφη. |
| 17 | φέρουσι | φέρω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 10 ἐοίκασι | conj | high | Third coordinated predicate, sharing subject with preceding clauses. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 20 σκολιὰ | cc | high | Coordinates adjective predicates. |
| 19 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | X | Polarity=Neg | 20 σκολιὰ | advmod | high | Negates σκολιά. |
| 20 | σκολιὰ | σκολιός | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 φέρουσι | xcomp | medium | Supplementary/predicative adjective: be not crooked. |
| 21 | ὥσπερ | ὥσπερ | SCONJ | C | _ | 20 σκολιὰ | mark | high | Introduces comparison with the ibises. |
| 22 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 23 ἴβεις | det | high | |
| 23 | ἴβεις | ἴβις | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 ὥσπερ | obl | medium | Comparative standard under ὥσπερ; form is nominative plural. |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἐοίκασι | punct | high |