Grammar parses for passage 8.22.7
Open translation for this passage
ἐν Στυμφάλῳ δὲ καὶ ἱερὸν Ἀρτέμιδός ἐστιν ἀρχαῖον Στυμφαλίας· τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμα ξόανόν ἐστι τὰ πολλὰ ἐπίχρυσον.
Two copular clauses with compressed predication; the first has an elliptical nominal subject phrase, and the second uses a predicative noun/adjective sequence with τὰ πολλὰ as an adverbial accusative.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | AdpType=Prep | 2 Στυμφάλῳ | case | high | Preposition with dative. |
| 2 | Στυμφάλῳ | Στύμφαλος | PROPN | Ne-S---fd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστιν | obl | high | Dative object of ἐν. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 7 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 5 ἱερὸν | cc | high | Connects to ἱερόν. |
| 5 | ἱερὸν | ἱερός | ADJ | A-S---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Predicative/substantival adjective functioning as subject-like element. |
| 6 | Ἀρτέμιδός | Ἄρτεμις | PROPN | N-S---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἱερὸν | nmod | high | Dependent genitive with ἱερόν. |
| 7 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root of first clause. |
| 8 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-S---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἱερὸν | amod | medium | Attributive/modifying ἱερόν; agreement is natural, though clause is elliptical. |
| 9 | Στυμφαλίας | Στυμφαλία | PROPN | N-S---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ἱερὸν | nmod | medium | Likely genitive modifier of ἱερόν; exact relation somewhat uncertain. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐστιν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 11 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-S---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 ἄγαλμα | det | high | Article with ἄγαλμα. |
| 12 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G | _ | 15 ἐστι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 13 | ἄγαλμα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-S---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστι | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστι. |
| 14 | ξόανόν | ξόανον | NOUN | N-S---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστι | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement with ἐστι; alternative analysis as apposition possible. |
| 15 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | V3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root of second clause. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 πολλὰ | det | high | Article with πολλὰ. |
| 17 | πολλὰ | πολύς | ADJ | A-P---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ἐπίχρυσον | advmod | medium | Adverbial accusative ‘for the most part’; could also be analyzed as internal modifier. |
| 18 | ἐπίχρυσον | ἐπίχρυσος | ADJ | A-S---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστι | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement; form could reflect neuter singular agreeing with ξόανον/implicit subject, but syntax is compressed. |
| 19 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐστι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
πρὸς δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τῷ ὀρόφῳ πεποιημέναι καὶ οἱ Στυμφαλίδες εἰσὶν ὄρνιθες· σαφῶς μὲν οὖν χαλεπὸν ἦν διαγνῶναι πότερον ξύλου ποίημα ἦν ἢ γύψου, τεκμαιρομένοις δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο εἶναι ξύλου μᾶλλον ἢ γύψου.
The syntax is tricky because the first clause has a participial modifier before the copula, and the middle section contains an indirect question with an elliptical material/genitive construction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | Case=Gen | 4 ναοῦ | case | high | Governed by τοῦ ναοῦ. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 11 εἰσὶν | cc | high | Postpositive connective linking clauses. |
| 3 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 4 ναοῦ | det | high | Article modifying ναοῦ. |
| 4 | ναοῦ | ναός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ὀρόφῳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ὀρόφῳ. |
| 5 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ὀρόφῳ | det | high | Article modifying ὀρόφῳ. |
| 6 | ὀρόφῳ | ὀροφή | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 πεποιημέναι | obl | medium | Likely dative of place/part; attached to participle. |
| 7 | πεποιημέναι | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 11 εἰσὶν | acl | high | Passive participle agreeing with οἱ Στυμφαλίδες. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 10 Στυμφαλίδες | cc | high | Coordinates with οἱ. |
| 9 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 Στυμφαλίδες | det | high | Article with Στυμφαλίδες. |
| 10 | Στυμφαλίδες | Στυμφαλίς | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 εἰσὶν | nsubj | medium | Name of the Stymphalian birds, treated as a proper noun. |
| 11 | εἰσὶν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root of the first clause. |
| 12 | ὄρνιθες | ὄρνις | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 11 εἰσὶν | xcomp | medium | Predicate nominal with εἰσίν. |
| 13 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 εἰσὶν | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 14 | σαφῶς | σαφῶς | ADV | _ | _ | 18 ἦν | advmod | high | Modifies ἦν. |
| 15 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 18 ἦν | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 16 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | _ | _ | 18 ἦν | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 17 | χαλεπὸν | χαλεπός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective with ἦν. |
| 18 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of the second clause. |
| 19 | διαγνῶναι | διαγιγνώσκω | VERB | _ | VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 17 χαλεπὸν | xcomp | high | Complement of χαλεπὸν ἦν. |
| 20 | πότερον | πότερος | ADV | _ | _ | 19 διαγνῶναι | advmod | medium | Interrogative correlating with ἢ. |
| 21 | ξύλου | ξύλον | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 22 ποίημα | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ποίημα. |
| 22 | ποίημα | ποίημα | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦν in the indirect question. |
| 23 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 19 διαγνῶναι | ccomp | high | Copula inside the embedded question. |
| 24 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 21 ξύλου | cc | high | Alternative conjunction. |
| 25 | γύψου | γύψος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 ἦν | advcl | low | Likely parallel genitive of material with omitted poiēma/εἶναι; analysis uncertain. |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 27 | τεκμαιρομένοις | τεκμαίρομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 30 ἐφαίνετο | advcl | high | Dative participial circumstance, agreeing with ἡμῖν. |
| 28 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 30 ἐφαίνετο | cc | high | Connective. |
| 29 | ἡμῖν | ἐγώ | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 27 τεκμαιρομένοις | obl | high | Dative with participle. |
| 30 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Root of the final clause. |
| 31 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | _ | VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 30 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | high | Complement of ἐφαίνετο. |
| 32 | ξύλου | ξύλον | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 31 εἶναι | obl | high | Genitive of material or description with infinitive. |
| 33 | μᾶλλον | μᾶλλον | ADV | _ | _ | 31 εἶναι | advmod | high | Modifies εἶναι. |
| 34 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 32 ξύλου | cc | high | Second member of comparison. |
| 35 | γύψου | γύψος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 ξύλου | conj | high | Correlative alternative genitive. |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
εἰσὶ δὲ αὐτόθι καὶ παρθένοι λίθου λευκοῦ, σκέλη δέ σφισίν ἐστιν ὀρνίθων, ἑστᾶσι δὲ ὄπισθε τοῦ ναοῦ.
The passage has three coordinated clauses with repeated δέ; the main difficulty is the first clause, where παρθένοι λίθου λευκοῦ may be read as an existential predicate nominal or as the subject of εἰσί.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰσὶ | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/existential verb as sentence root. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | αὐτόθι | αὐτόθι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | advmod | high | Locative adverb modifying εἰσίν. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 παρθένοι | cc | high | Links coordinated predicate/noun phrase. |
| 5 | παρθένοι | παρθένος | NOUN | N-NPFN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 εἰσὶ | nsubj | medium | Likely nominative predicate nominal or subject with existential εἰσίν; analyzed as subject. |
| 6 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 παρθένοι | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of παρθένοι. |
| 7 | λευκοῦ | λευκός | ADJ | A-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 λίθου | amod | high | Attributive adjective agreeing with λίθου. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 9 | σκέλη | σκέλος | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστιν in second clause. |
| 10 | δέ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 12 ἐστιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 11 | σφισίν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-DP3 | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 ἐστιν | expl | medium | Dative of reference/possession with ἐστιν; parsing as expletive-like dependent. |
| 12 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause root. |
| 13 | ὀρνίθων | ὄρνις | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 9 σκέλη | nmod | high | Genitive of comparison/description with σκέλη. |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐστιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 15 | ἑστᾶσι | ἵστημι | VERB | V-XAP-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Third clause root; perfect form used statively ('stand'). |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 15 ἑστᾶσι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 17 | ὄπισθε | ὄπισθε | ADV | D-------- | _ | 15 ἑστᾶσι | advmod | high | Adverb of place, 'behind'. |
| 18 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | L-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 ναοῦ | det | high | Article with ναοῦ. |
| 19 | ναοῦ | ναός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ὄπισθε | nmod | high | Genitive complement of ὄπισθε. |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἑστᾶσι | punct | high | Punctuation. |