Grammar parses for passage 8.23.2
Open translation for this passage
ἐδήλωσα δὲ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τῷ ἐς Ὀρχομενίους ὡς πρῶτα μὲν παρὰ τὴν χαράδραν ἐστὶν ἡ εὐθεῖα, τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ λιμνάζοντος.
The sentence contrasts the first route description (πρῶτα μέν) with a second, elliptical description after δέ; τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου functions substantivally as ‘the part from this point onward.’
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐδήλωσα | δηλόω | VERB | V-AAI-1S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐδήλωσα | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 5 λόγῳ | case | high | |
| 4 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-D-D-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 λόγῳ | det | high | |
| 5 | λόγῳ | λόγος | NOUN | N-D-D-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἐδήλωσα | obl | high | Dative object of reference with ἐν. |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-D-D-S | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐς | det | high | |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 Ὀρχομενίους | case | high | |
| 8 | Ὀρχομενίους | Ὀρχομενός | PROPN | N-A-M-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 λόγῳ | nmod | high | Destination/topic phrase modifying λόγῳ. |
| 9 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἐστὶν | mark | high | Introduces content clause. |
| 10 | πρῶτα | πρῶτος | ADV | ADV | Degree=Pos | 15 ἐστὶν | advmod | high | Adverbial first in the μεν/δε sequence. |
| 11 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PTCL | _ | 10 πρῶτα | discourse | high | |
| 12 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 χαράδραν | case | high | |
| 13 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-A-F-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 χαράδραν | det | high | |
| 14 | χαράδραν | χαράδρα | NOUN | N-A-F-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστὶν | obl | high | παρά with accusative expresses position along/beside. |
| 15 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 1 ἐδήλωσα | ccomp | high | Finite verb of the ὡς content clause. |
| 16 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-N-F-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 εὐθεῖα | det | high | |
| 17 | εὐθεῖα | εὐθεῖα | NOUN | N-N-F-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστὶν | nsubj | high | Substantivized feminine adjective, ‘the straight route’. |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐστὶν | punct | high | |
| 19 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-N-N-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 τούτου | det | high | Substantivized neuter article introducing the second coordinated phrase. |
| 20 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 21 τούτου | case | high | |
| 21 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | D-G-N-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 15 ἐστὶν | conj | medium | Form is genitive, governed by ἀπό; phrase is coordinated with the preceding route description. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 τούτου | cc | high | |
| 23 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 24 ἀριστερᾷ | case | high | |
| 24 | ἀριστερᾷ | ἀριστερός | ADJ | A-D-F-S | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 τούτου | obl | high | Substantivized feminine adjective, ‘on the left’. |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-G-N-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 ὕδατος | det | high | |
| 26 | ὕδατος | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-G-N-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 24 ἀριστερᾷ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἀριστερᾷ: left of the water. |
| 27 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-G-N-S | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 λιμνάζοντος | det | high | |
| 28 | λιμνάζοντος | λιμνάζω | VERB | V-PAP-G-N-S | Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 26 ὕδατος | acl | high | Genitive participle agreeing with ὕδατος. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐδήλωσα | punct | high |
ἐν δὲ τῷ πεδίῳ τῷ Καφυῶν πεποίηται γῆς χῶμα, διʼ οὗ ἀπείργεται τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ἐκ τῆς Ὀρχομενίας μὴ εἶναι Καφυεῦσιν βλάβος τῇ ἐνεργῷ.
The sentence has a passive main clause with a relative διά phrase; the final τὸ ... μὴ εἶναι phrase is syntactically compressed and is analyzed as a result/specification concerning the water not being harmful to the Καφυεῖς' active land.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 πεδίῳ | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ἀπείργεται | cc | high | |
| 3 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 πεδίῳ | det | high | |
| 4 | πεδίῳ | πεδίον | NOUN | N-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 πεποίηται | obl | high | |
| 5 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 πεδίῳ | det | high | |
| 6 | Καφυῶν | Καφυαί | PROPN | N-P---G- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 5 τῷ | nmod | medium | Place-name genitive modifying πεδίον through the second article phrase. |
| 7 | πεποίηται | ποιέω | VERB | V-RMP-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 13 ἀπείργεται | conj | high | Perfect passive, impersonal construction: an embankment has been made. |
| 8 | γῆς | γῆ | NOUN | N-S---GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 χῶμα | nmod | high | Material genitive. |
| 9 | χῶμα | χῶμα | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 πεποίηται | nsubj:pass | high | Neuter nominative subject of πεποίηται. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 πεποίηται | punct | high | |
| 11 | διʼ | διά | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 οὗ | case | high | Elided form before genitive relative pronoun. |
| 12 | οὗ | ὅς | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπείργεται | obl | high | Relative pronoun governed by διά; antecedent χῶμα is neuter, but οὗ is likely attracted to the understood route/instrumental relation. |
| 13 | ἀπείργεται | ἀπείργω | VERB | V-PPM-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 15 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπείργεται | nsubj:pass | high | Neuter nominative subject of passive ἀπείργεται. |
| 16 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 εἶναι | det | medium | Article introducing the following limiting/descriptive infinitival phrase. |
| 17 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 19 Ὀρχομενίας | case | high | |
| 18 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-S---GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 Ὀρχομενίας | det | high | |
| 19 | Ὀρχομενίας | Ὀρχομενία | PROPN | N-S---GF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ὕδωρ | nmod | high | Source/place genitive within τὸ ἐκ τῆς Ὀρχομενίας. |
| 20 | μὴ | μή | PART | PART | Polarity=Neg | 21 εἶναι | advmod | high | |
| 21 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ὕδωρ | acl | medium | Infinitival phrase construed as a negative result/purpose-like specification of the water's effect. |
| 22 | Καφυεῦσιν | Καφυεύς | PROPN | N-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 βλάβος | iobj | high | |
| 23 | βλάβος | βλάβος | NOUN | N-S---NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 21 εἶναι | xcomp | medium | Predicate noun in the infinitival construction; expected nominative with εἶναι. |
| 24 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-S---DF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ἐνεργῷ | det | high | |
| 25 | ἐνεργῷ | ἐνεργός | ADJ | A-S---DF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 βλάβος | obl | medium | Dative phrase, likely specifying the active/irrigated land affected. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἀπείργεται | punct | high |
κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ χώματος παρέξεισιν ὕδωρ ἄλλο, πλήθει μὲν ὅσον τε εἶναι ποταμόν, κατερχόμενον δὲ ἐς χάσμα γῆς ἄνεισιν αὖθις παρὰ Νάσους καλουμένας·
The syntax contains elliptical/idiomatic comparative material around πλήθει ... ὅσον τε εἶναι ποταμόν; the participle κατερχόμενον is treated as an accusative adverbial participle linked to the later coordinated verb ἄνεισιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 7 παρέξεισιν | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 παρέξεισιν | cc | high | |
| 3 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἐντὸς | det | high | |
| 4 | ἐντὸς | ἐντός | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 παρέξεισιν | obl | medium | Substantivized/local expression, 'inside'. |
| 5 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 χώματος | det | high | |
| 6 | χώματος | χῶμα | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἐντὸς | obl | high | Genitive complement of ἐντός. |
| 7 | παρέξεισιν | παρέξειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form and lemma are somewhat lexically uncertain; interpreted as 'flows/passes along'. |
| 8 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 παρέξεισιν | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | ἄλλο | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ὕδωρ | amod | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 παρέξεισιν | punct | high | |
| 11 | πλήθει | πλῆθος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ὅσον | obl | medium | Dative of measure/extent. |
| 12 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 11 πλήθει | advmod | high | |
| 13 | ὅσον | ὅσος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 εἶναι | advmod | medium | Correlative degree expression with εἶναι. |
| 14 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 ὅσον | cc | medium | Postpositive enclitic coordinating/strengthening the comparison. |
| 15 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 18 κατερχόμενον | xcomp | medium | Infinitive in the descriptive comparison. |
| 16 | ποταμόν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 εἶναι | xcomp | medium | Accusative predicate with εἶναι; construction is elliptical/idiomatic. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 παρέξεισιν | punct | high | |
| 18 | κατερχόμενον | κατέρχομαι | VERB | V-PMP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἄνεισιν | advcl | medium | Accusative participle, likely agreeing with an implicit/elliptical water referent. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 κατερχόμενον | cc | high | |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 21 χάσμα | case | high | |
| 21 | χάσμα | χάσμα | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 κατερχόμενον | obl | high | |
| 22 | γῆς | γῆ | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 χάσμα | nmod | high | |
| 23 | ἄνεισιν | ἄνειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 παρέξεισιν | conj | high | Coordinates with παρέξεισιν; subject is ὕδωρ. |
| 24 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | ADV | _ | 23 ἄνεισιν | advmod | high | |
| 25 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | PREP | Case=Acc | 26 Νάσους | case | high | |
| 26 | Νάσους | Νάσος | PROPN | N-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 23 ἄνεισιν | obl | high | Place-name, accusative plural. |
| 27 | καλουμένας | καλέω | VERB | V-PPP-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 26 Νάσους | acl | high | Agrees with Νάσους. |
| 28 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 παρέξεισιν | punct | high |
τὸ δὲ χωρίον ἔνθα ἄνεισιν ὀνομάζεται Ῥεῦνος· ἀνατείλαντος δὲ ἐνταῦθα, τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου παρέχεται ποταμὸν ἀέναον Τράγον.
The second clause contains a genitive absolute (ἀνατείλαντος δὲ) and a coordinated finite verb παρέχεται; ποταμὸν Τράγον is analyzed as an accusative river complement with the name in apposition.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 χωρίον | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--- | _ | 3 χωρίον | cc | high | |
| 3 | χωρίον | χωρίον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 ὀνομάζεται | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 4 | ἔνθα | ἔνθα | ADV | D--- | PronType=Rel | 5 ἄνεισιν | advmod | medium | Relative locative adverb introducing the clause. |
| 5 | ἄνεισιν | ἄνειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 ὀνομάζεται | acl:relcl | high | |
| 6 | ὀνομάζεται | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 7 | Ῥεῦνος | Ῥεῦνος | PROPN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 ὀνομάζεται | xcomp | medium | Predicate name with passive naming verb; nominative is retained in Greek. |
| 8 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ὀνομάζεται | punct | high | |
| 9 | ἀνατείλαντος | ἀνατέλλω | VERB | V-AAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 παρέχεται | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; understood subject is likely the sun, omitted. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--- | _ | 18 παρέχεται | cc | high | |
| 11 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D--- | _ | 18 παρέχεται | advmod | high | |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 παρέχεται | punct | high | |
| 13 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 14 ὕδωρ | det | high | |
| 14 | ὕδωρ | ὕδωρ | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 18 παρέχεται | nsubj | high | |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ποταμὸν | det | high | |
| 16 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R--- | _ | 17 τούτου | case | high | |
| 17 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | P-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 15 τὸ | nmod | medium | Genitive demonstrative governed by ἀπό; antecedent is the named source/place. |
| 18 | παρέχεται | παρέχω | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 6 ὀνομάζεται | conj | high | |
| 19 | ποταμὸν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 παρέχεται | obj | medium | Accusative complement/object describing what the water provides or makes. |
| 20 | ἀέναον | ἀέναος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ποταμὸν | amod | high | |
| 21 | Τράγον | Τράγος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 ποταμὸν | appos | high | Name in apposition to ποταμόν. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 παρέχεται | punct | high |