Grammar parses for passage 8.24.11
Open translation for this passage
τὰς δὲ Ἐχινάδας νήσους ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχελῴου μὴ σφᾶς ἤπειρον ἄχρι ἡμῶν ἀπειργάσθαι γέγονε δὴ αἰτία τὸ Αἰτωλῶν ἔθνος,
The accusative-infinitive construction is the subject of γέγονε: τὰς Ἐχινάδας νήσους ... ἀπειργάσθαι, with τὸ Αἰτωλῶν ἔθνος as the postposed predicate nominative/causal subject-like constituent of αἰτία. μὴ σφᾶς ἤπειρον is an embedded predicative expression, while ἄχρι ἡμῶν modifies ἀπειργάσθαι.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 νήσους | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C- | _ | 16 αἰτία | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Ἐχινάδας | Ἐχινάς | PROPN | Neuter? | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 νήσους | compound | medium | Toponym used attributively with νήσους; lexical gender/form is irregular. |
| 4 | νήσους | νῆσος | NOUN | N-AF-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 5 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R- | _ | 7 Ἀχελῴου | case | high | |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Ἀχελῴου | det | high | |
| 7 | Ἀχελῴου | Ἀχελῷος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obl:agent | high | Agent with passive ἀπειργάσθαι. |
| 8 | μὴ | μή | PART | D- | Polarity=Neg | 10 ἤπειρον | advmod | high | |
| 9 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-AP | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 10 ἤπειρον | nsubj | medium | Reflexive/third-person plural accusative in the embedded predication. |
| 10 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | NOUN | N-AF-S | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative with σφᾶς; singular form is collective/qualitative. |
| 11 | ἄχρι | ἄχρι | ADP | R- | _ | 12 ἡμῶν | case | high | |
| 12 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | P-GP | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obl | high | |
| 13 | ἀπειργάσθαι | ἀπείργω | VERB | V-RAN | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Inf|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass | 14 γέγονε | csubj | medium | Perfect passive infinitive; its accusative subject is νήσους. |
| 14 | γέγονε | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RAI-3S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal/existential construction: ‘it has come to be that...’. |
| 15 | δὴ | δή | PART | D- | _ | 14 γέγονε | advmod | high | |
| 16 | αἰτία | αἰτία | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 γέγονε | xcomp | medium | Predicate noun in the impersonal construction, ‘the cause has become...’; alternatively appositional to the following subject-like phrase. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ἔθνος | det | high | |
| 18 | Αἰτωλῶν | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | N-GP | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἔθνος | nmod | high | Ethnic name used attributively. |
| 19 | ἔθνος | ἔθνος | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 αἰτία | nsubj | medium | Postposed nominative subject/predicate constituent: ‘the Aetolian nation’. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 γέγονε | punct | high |
γεγόνασι δὲ αὐτοί τε ἀνάστατοι καὶ ἡ γῆ σφισι πᾶσα ἠρήμωται·
Two coordinated clauses share the adversative frame: αὐτοί τε ἀνάστατοι γεγόνασι and ἡ γῆ σφισι πᾶσα ἠρήμωται; γεγόνασι is analyzed as a copular verb with the predicate adjective.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γεγόνασι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3PPAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 11 ἠρήμωται | cop | high | Perfect active form of γίγνομαι, functioning as a copular predicate with ἀνάστατοι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | cc | high | |
| 3 | αὐτοί | αὐτός | PRON | P-3NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 5 ἀνάστατοι | nsubj | high | Emphatic subject pronoun. |
| 4 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 αὐτοί | cc | high | First member of the τε ... καί coordination. |
| 5 | ἀνάστατοι | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 γεγόνασι | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective coordinated with the following clause. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 11 ἠρήμωται | cc | high | Coordinates the human predicate with the clause about the land. |
| 7 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | RAFSN | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 γῆ | det | high | |
| 8 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | N-FSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἠρήμωται | nsubj | high | |
| 9 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 11 ἠρήμωται | obl | medium | Dative of reference/possession: the land is desolate for them or in their territory. |
| 10 | πᾶσα | πᾶς | ADJ | A-FSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 γῆ | amod | high | |
| 11 | ἠρήμωται | ἐρημόω | VERB | V-3SPEI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Perfect middle/passive, coordinated predicate; the first clause has γεγόνασι as its copular verb. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἠρήμωται | punct | high |
ταῖς Ἐχινάσιν οὖν ἅτε ἀσπόρου μενούσης τῆς Αἰτωλίας οὐχ ὁμοίως ὁ Ἀχελῷος ἐπάγει τὴν ἰλύν.
Main clause: ὁ Ἀχελῷος ἐπάγει τὴν ἰλύν; ταῖς Ἐχινάσιν is a dative destination/recipient phrase. The genitive absolute τῆς Αἰτωλίας ἀσπόρου μενούσης is concessive with ἅτε; ἀσπόρου is predicative, ‘remaining seedless/barren’.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-------- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 2 Ἐχινάσιν | det | high | |
| 2 | Ἐχινάσιν | Ἐχινάς | PROPN | Ne----Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἐπάγει | obl | medium | Dative destination/recipient; proper place name. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | advmod | high | Inferential connective. |
| 4 | ἅτε | ἅτε | SCONJ | G-------- | _ | 6 μενούσης | mark | medium | Introduces a causal/concessive circumstantial construction. |
| 5 | ἀσπόρου | ἄσπορος | ADJ | A--GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 μενούσης | xcomp | high | Predicative adjective in the genitive absolute. |
| 6 | μενούσης | μένω | VERB | V-PAP-GFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 ἐπάγει | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Αἰτωλίας | det | high | |
| 8 | Αἰτωλίας | Αἰτωλία | PROPN | Ne----Gen | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 μενούσης | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 9 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | T-------- | Polarity=Neg | 10 ὁμοίως | advmod | high | Negates ὁμοίως. |
| 10 | ὁμοίως | ὅμοιος | ADV | D-------- | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | advmod | high | Adverbial manner/comparison. |
| 11 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-------- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Ἀχελῷος | det | high | |
| 12 | Ἀχελῷος | Ἀχελῷος | PROPN | Ne----Nom | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπάγει | nsubj | high | River-god/name; nominative subject. |
| 13 | ἐπάγει | ἐπάγω | VERB | V-PIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἰλύν | det | high | |
| 15 | ἰλύν | ἰλύς | NOUN | N----ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπάγει | obj | high | Accusative direct object, ‘mud/silt’. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | punct | high |
μαρτύριον δέ μοι τοῦ λόγου· ὁ γὰρ Μαίανδρος διὰ τῆς Φρυγῶν καὶ Καρῶν ἀρουμένης ὅσα ἔτη ῥέων τὴν μεταξὺ Πριήνης καὶ Μιλήτου θάλασσαν ἐν οὐ πολλῷ χρόνῳ πεποίηκεν ἤπειρον.
The opening μαρτύριον δέ is a nominal assertion; the following γάρ-clause is attached paratactically. ἀρουμένης is analyzed as a genitive absolute, while ὅσα ἔτη is a duration expression with syncretic neuter forms.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μαρτύριον | μαρτύριον | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 1 μαρτύριον | cc | high | |
| 3 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | p1-s---md- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 1 μαρτύριον | iobj | high | Dative of reference. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 λόγου | det | high | |
| 5 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | n-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 μαρτύριον | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μαρτύριον. |
| 6 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 μαρτύριον | punct | high | |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 Μαίανδρος | det | high | |
| 8 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 29 πεποίηκεν | cc | high | Postpositive explanatory conjunction. |
| 9 | Μαίανδρος | Μαίανδρος | PROPN | ne-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | nsubj | high | |
| 10 | διὰ | διά | ADP | r-------- | _ | 15 ἀρουμένης | case | high | With genitive: through/across the land of the Phrygians and Carians. |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | l-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἀρουμένης | det | high | |
| 12 | Φρυγῶν | Φρύξ | PROPN | ne-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀρουμένης | nmod | high | Genitive plural ethnic name. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 14 Καρῶν | cc | high | |
| 14 | Καρῶν | Κάρ | PROPN | ne-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Φρυγῶν | conj | high | Conjoined with Φρυγῶν. |
| 15 | ἀρουμένης | ἀρόω | VERB | v-sppafg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 18 ῥέων | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute; subject is τῆς ... (sc. χώρας), understood as land being cultivated. |
| 16 | ὅσα | ὅσος | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 17 ἔτη | amod | medium | Neuter plural amount expression, ‘as many years’; syntactically linked to ἔτη. |
| 17 | ἔτη | ἔτος | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ῥέων | obl | medium | Accusative of duration is expected semantically; form is nominative/accusative neuter plural, parsed here as temporal accusative despite syncretism. |
| 18 | ῥέων | ῥέω | VERB | v-sppamn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 πεποίηκεν | advcl | high | Predicative participle agreeing with Μαίανδρος. |
| 19 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 24 θάλασσαν | det | high | |
| 20 | μεταξὺ | μεταξύ | ADP | r-------- | _ | 21 Πριήνης | case | high | Preposition governing Πριήνης and coordinated Μιλήτου. |
| 21 | Πριήνης | Πριήνη | PROPN | ne-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 θάλασσαν | nmod | high | Genitive complement of μεταξύ. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 23 Μιλήτου | cc | high | |
| 23 | Μιλήτου | Μίλητος | PROPN | ne-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 Πριήνης | conj | high | Conjoined genitive complement of μεταξύ. |
| 24 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | obj | high | |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | r-------- | _ | 28 χρόνῳ | case | high | |
| 26 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | Polarity=Neg | 27 πολλῷ | advmod | high | |
| 27 | πολλῷ | πολύς | ADJ | a-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 χρόνῳ | amod | high | |
| 28 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | n-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | obl | high | Temporal phrase: in a short time. |
| 29 | πεποίηκεν | ποιέω | VERB | v3sria--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 1 μαρτύριον | parataxis | high | Finite explanatory clause after the nominal assertion. |
| 30 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | obj | high | Object complement/result object of πεποίηκεν. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 πεποίηκεν | punct | high |