Grammar parses for passage 8.24.11
Open translation for this passage
τὰς δὲ Ἐχινάδας νήσους ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχελῴου μὴ σφᾶς ἤπειρον ἄχρι ἡμῶν ἀπειργάσθαι γέγονε δὴ αἰτία τὸ Αἰτωλῶν ἔθνος,
The clause is syntactically difficult because αἰτία + ἔθνος and the infinitival clause ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχελῴου ... ἀπειργάσθαι form an indirect statement / predicative construction with nonstandard case relations.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | P--APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 νήσους | det | high | Article modifying νήσους. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 14 γέγονε | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | Ἐχινάδας | Ἐχινάς | PROPN | N-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 νήσους | amod | medium | Proper-name adjective modifying νήσους. |
| 4 | νήσους | νῆσος | NOUN | N-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obj | high | Accusative object of ἀπειργάσθαι. |
| 5 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Ἀχελῴου | case | high | Introduces agent phrase. |
| 6 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 7 Ἀχελῴου | det | high | Article modifying Ἀχελῴου. |
| 7 | Ἀχελῴου | Ἀχελῷος | PROPN | N-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obl:agent | high | Agent in a ὑπό-phrase. |
| 8 | μὴ | μή | PART | D-------- | _ | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | advmod | high | Negates the infinitive. |
| 9 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | Pp3-p---a- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obj | medium | Reflexive/third-person pronoun, likely object of ἀπειργάσθαι. |
| 10 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | NOUN | N-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obj | low | Likely predicate accusative with ἀπειργάσθαι, but syntax is difficult. |
| 11 | ἄχρι | ἄχρι | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 ἡμῶν | case | high | Marks endpoint of time/limit phrase. |
| 12 | ἡμῶν | ἐγώ | PRON | Pp1-p---g- | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 13 ἀπειργάσθαι | obl | high | Genitive governed by ἄχρι. |
| 13 | ἀπειργάσθαι | ἀπεργάζομαι | VERB | V--ANM--- | Aspect=Perf|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 14 γέγονε | ccomp | high | Perfect middle infinitive dependent on γέγονε. |
| 14 | γέγονε | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-3s-ia--- | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the clause. |
| 15 | δὴ | δή | PART | D-------- | _ | 16 αἰτία | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 16 | αἰτία | αἰτία | NOUN | N-s---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 γέγονε | xcomp | medium | Predicative complement with γέγονε. |
| 17 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | P--ASN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 ἔθνος | det | high | Article modifying ἔθνος. |
| 18 | Αἰτωλῶν | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | N-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 ἔθνος | nmod | high | Attributive genitive modifying ἔθνος. |
| 19 | ἔθνος | ἔθνος | NOUN | N-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 αἰτία | nsubj | medium | Likely accusative subject/predicate with αἰτία in this indirect statement-like construction. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 γέγονε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
γεγόνασι δὲ αὐτοί τε ἀνάστατοι καὶ ἡ γῆ σφισι πᾶσα ἠρήμωται·
The sentence contains two coordinated perfect predicates; I analyze γεγόνασι as the root of the first clause and ἠρήμωται as the root of the second, with καί linking the clauses.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γεγόνασι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-RAI-3P | Aspect=Perfect|Mood=Indicative|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, main predicate. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 γεγόνασι | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | αὐτοί | αὐτός | PRON | P-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 5 ἀνάστατοι | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀνάστατοι. |
| 4 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 3 αὐτοί | cc | medium | Correlative/enclitic coordinating particle with καί. |
| 5 | ἀνάστατοι | ἀνάστατος | ADJ | A-P---MN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 γεγόνασι | xcomp | medium | Predicate adjective with implied/copular relation to γεγόνασι. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 11 ἠρήμωται | cc | high | Coordinator linking second clause to first. |
| 7 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-P---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 γῆ | det | high | Article modifying γῆ. |
| 8 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | N-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 ἠρήμωται | nsubj:pass | high | Subject of ἠρήμωται. |
| 9 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | P-P---PD- | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 11 ἠρήμωται | obl | medium | Dative of reference/advantage; form is enclitic/dialectal. |
| 10 | πᾶσα | πᾶς | ADJ | A-S---FN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 γῆ | amod | high | Adjective modifying γῆ. |
| 11 | ἠρήμωται | ἐρημόω | VERB | V-RPI-3S | Aspect=Perfect|Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Passive | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause finite predicate; coordinated to first clause semantically. |
| 12 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 11 ἠρήμωται | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
ταῖς Ἐχινάσιν οὖν ἅτε ἀσπόρου μενούσης τῆς Αἰτωλίας οὐχ ὁμοίως ὁ Ἀχελῷος ἐπάγει τὴν ἰλύν.
The opening dative phrase with Ἐχινάσιν is somewhat loose; ἅτε + genitive absolute (ἀσπόρου μενούσης τῆς Αἰτωλίας) sets the causal background for the main clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 2 Ἐχινάσιν | det | high | Article modifying Ἐχινάσιν. |
| 2 | Ἐχινάσιν | Ἐχῖναι | PROPN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 13 ἐπάγει | obl | medium | Toponym in dative, likely indirect/locative frame with ἐπάγει. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | PART | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | discourse | high | Inferential particle. |
| 4 | ἅτε | ἅτε | ADV | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | advmod | high | Introduces causal/similar clause. |
| 5 | ἀσπόρου | ἀσπόρος | ADJ | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 Αἰτωλίας | amod | medium | Adjective agreeing with Αἰτωλίας. |
| 6 | μενούσης | μένω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 Αἰτωλίας | acl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Αἰτωλίας | det | high | Article modifying Αἰτωλίας. |
| 8 | Αἰτωλίας | Αἰτωλία | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 μενούσης | nsubj | medium | Subject of participle in genitive absolute. |
| 9 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | advmod | high | Negation of the verbal predicate. |
| 10 | ὁμοίως | ὁμοίως | ADV | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐπάγει. |
| 11 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Ἀχελῷος | det | high | Article with Ἀχελῷος. |
| 12 | Ἀχελῷος | Ἀχελῷος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπάγει | nsubj | high | Main-clause subject. |
| 13 | ἐπάγει | ἐπάγω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἰλύν | det | high | Article modifying ἰλύν. |
| 15 | ἰλύν | ἰλύς | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπάγει | obj | high | Direct object of ἐπάγει. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἐπάγει | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
μαρτύριον δέ μοι τοῦ λόγου· ὁ γὰρ Μαίανδρος διὰ τῆς Φρυγῶν καὶ Καρῶν ἀρουμένης ὅσα ἔτη ῥέων τὴν μεταξὺ Πριήνης καὶ Μιλήτου θάλασσαν ἐν οὐ πολλῷ χρόνῳ πεποίηκεν ἤπειρον.
The main clause is elliptical in the opening apposition (μαρτύριον δέ μοι...), while the finite verb πεποίηκεν governs the explanatory clause introduced by γάρ; the genitive participle ἀρουμένης is syntactically uncertain but most naturally taken as circumstantial within the prepositional phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μαρτύριον | μαρτύριον | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Predicate nominative functioning as the sentence topic/comment anchor. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 1 μαρτύριον | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | _ | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 1 μαρτύριον | nmod | high | Dative with μαρτύριον, likely possessor/ethical dative in context. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 λόγου | det | high | Article modifying λόγου. |
| 5 | λόγου | λόγος | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 μαρτύριον | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of μαρτύριον. |
| 6 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 μαρτύριον | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 Μαίανδρος | det | high | Article with Μαίανδρος. |
| 8 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 9 Μαίανδρος | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 9 | Μαίανδρος | Μαίανδρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | nsubj | high | Subject of πεποίηκεν. |
| 10 | διὰ | διά | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 15 ἀρουμένης | case | high | Preposition governing the genitive phrase. |
| 11 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 ἀρουμένης | det | high | Article with ἀρουμένης. |
| 12 | Φρυγῶν | Φρύγες | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀρουμένης | nmod | medium | Likely part of a genitive phrase dependent on ἀρουμένης; ethnic name treated as proper noun. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 14 Καρῶν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 14 | Καρῶν | Καρός | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Φρυγῶν | conj | medium | Coordinate with Φρυγῶν. |
| 15 | ἀρουμένης | ἀρόω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 29 πεποίηκεν | advcl | high | Genitive participial clause, probably circumstantial/backgrounding. |
| 16 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 17 ἔτη | amod | medium | Relative/quantitative modifier of ἔτη; accusative of extent. |
| 17 | ἔτη | ἔτος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ῥέων | obj | high | Accusative of duration with ῥέων. |
| 18 | ῥέων | ῥέω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 πεποίηκεν | advcl | high | Participial clause modifying the main verb. |
| 19 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 24 θάλασσαν | det | high | Article with θάλασσαν. |
| 20 | μεταξὺ | μεταξύ | ADV | _ | _ | 21 Πριήνης | advmod | medium | Used adverbially in the place phrase, modifying Πριήνης. |
| 21 | Πριήνης | Πριήνη | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 θάλασσαν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of θάλασσαν, indicating location between cities. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 23 Μιλήτου | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 23 | Μιλήτου | Μίλητος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 Πριήνης | conj | high | Coordinate genitive with Πριήνης. |
| 24 | θάλασσαν | θάλασσα | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | obj | high | Direct object of πεποίηκεν. |
| 25 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 28 χρόνῳ | case | high | Preposition governing χρόνῳ. |
| 26 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 27 πολλῷ | advmod | high | Negator modifying πολλῷ. |
| 27 | πολλῷ | πολύς | ADJ | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 χρόνῳ | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of χρόνῳ. |
| 28 | χρόνῳ | χρόνος | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | obl | high | Temporal oblique phrase with ἐν. |
| 29 | πεποίηκεν | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 30 | ἤπειρον | ἤπειρος | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 29 πεποίηκεν | xcomp | medium | Result/predicate complement: 'made [it] mainland'. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 πεποίηκεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |