Grammar parses for passage 8.30.9
Open translation for this passage
οὐκ ἄνευ κινδύνων μεγάλων Ῥωμαῖοι Σκιπίωνι ὅν τινα Καρχηδονιακὸν ὀνομάζουσι τέλος τε ἐπιθέντα τῷ πολέμῳ καὶ τὴν Καρχηδόνα καταβαλόντα ἐς ἔδαφος.
Elliptical construction: οὐκ ἄνευ κινδύνων μεγάλων modifies an understood verbal predicate, with Ῥωμαῖοι as subject; Σκιπίωνι is dative of reference/association, and the two participles describe Scipio. ὅν τινα Καρχηδονιακὸν ὀνομάζουσι is a relative clause naming the war, with τέλος as object of ἐπιθέντα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | advmod | high | |
| 2 | ἄνευ | ἄνευ | ADP | R-------- | _ | 3 κινδύνων | case | high | |
| 3 | κινδύνων | κίνδυνος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | obl | medium | Genitive governed by ἄνευ. |
| 4 | μεγάλων | μέγας | ADJ | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 κινδύνων | amod | high | |
| 5 | Ῥωμαῖοι | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-VPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | nsubj | medium | Subject of an elliptical finite predicate. |
| 6 | Σκιπίωνι | Σκιπίων | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπιθέντα | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/association with the participial description. |
| 7 | ὅν | ὅς | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 8 τινα | det | medium | Together with τινα, an indefinite-relative-like object phrase. |
| 8 | τινα | τις | PRON | P-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | obj | medium | With ὅν, object of ὀνομάζουσι; exact force is somewhat idiomatic. |
| 9 | Καρχηδονιακὸν | Καρχηδονιακός | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 τινα | xcomp | medium | Predicative accusative with ὀνομάζουσι. |
| 10 | ὀνομάζουσι | ὀνομάζω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 ἐπιθέντα | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause associated with the Scipio description; subject is implicit Romans. |
| 11 | τέλος | τέλος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπιθέντα | obj | high | |
| 12 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἐπιθέντα | cc | high | Coordinates the two participial predicates. |
| 13 | ἐπιθέντα | ἐπιτίθημι | VERB | V-2AAP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | conj | medium | Accusative participle agreeing with understood/attracted Scipion; main finite predicate is omitted. |
| 14 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 πολέμῳ | det | high | |
| 15 | πολέμῳ | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἐπιθέντα | obl | high | Dative complement of ἐπιτίθημι. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 19 καταβαλόντα | cc | high | |
| 17 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 Καρχηδόνα | det | high | |
| 18 | Καρχηδόνα | Καρχηδών | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 καταβαλόντα | obj | high | |
| 19 | καταβαλόντα | καταβάλλω | VERB | V-2AAP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 ἐπιθέντα | conj | high | Second coordinated participle, agreeing with the same understood Scipio. |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 21 ἔδαφος | case | high | |
| 21 | ἔδαφος | ἔδαφος | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 καταβαλόντα | obl | high | Directional complement of καταβάλλω. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ὀνομάζουσι | punct | high |
ὅσα μὲν δὴ Πολυβίῳ παραινοῦντι ὁ Ῥωμαῖος ἐπείθετο, ἐς ὀρθὸν ἐχώρησεν αὐτῷ· ἃ δὲ οὐκ ἠκροᾶτο διδάσκοντος, γενέσθαι οἱ λέγουσιν ἁμαρτήματα.
Correlative μέν...δέ contrasts what the Roman followed Polybius in doing with what he did not heed; ὅσα/ἃ are substantive relative objects, and λέγουσιν governs an accusative-and-infinitive construction (ἁμαρτήματα γενέσθαι), with οἱ as dative of reference.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὅσα | ὅσος | PRON | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἐπείθετο | obj | medium | Substantive neuter plural relative pronoun, object of ἐπείθετο; semantic antecedent is understood. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 8 ἐπείθετο | discourse | high | First member of μέν...δέ correlation. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | Df | _ | 8 ἐπείθετο | discourse | high | Emphatic/discourse particle. |
| 4 | Πολυβίῳ | Πολύβιος | PROPN | Ne-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 παραινοῦντι | iobj | high | Dative with παραινοῦντι, the person giving exhortation. |
| 5 | παραινοῦντι | παραινέω | VERB | V-PPA-DMS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 8 ἐπείθετο | advcl | medium | Present active participle, agreeing with Πολυβίῳ; circumstantial with ἐπείθετο. |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | S---NMS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 Ῥωμαῖος | det | high | Article with Ῥωμαῖος. |
| 7 | Ῥωμαῖος | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | N-NMS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπείθετο | nsubj | high | Substantivized ethnic noun, subject of ἐπείθετο. |
| 8 | ἐπείθετο | πείθω | VERB | V-PII-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 12 ἐχώρησεν | csubj | medium | Imperfect middle, in the ὅσα μέν clause; clause functions as subject/content to ἐχώρησεν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐπείθετο | punct | high | |
| 10 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 ὀρθὸν | case | high | Preposition governing ὀρθόν. |
| 11 | ὀρθὸν | ὀρθός | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐχώρησεν | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, direction/result complement with ἐχώρησεν. |
| 12 | ἐχώρησεν | χωρέω | VERB | V-AAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb; means proceeded/made progress. |
| 13 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P----DMS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 12 ἐχώρησεν | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/advantage, ‘for him’. |
| 14 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐχώρησεν | punct | high | |
| 15 | ἃ | ὅς | PRON | P-RNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 18 ἠκροᾶτο | obj | high | Substantive neuter plural relative pronoun, object of ἠκροᾶτο. |
| 16 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 ἠκροᾶτο | cc | high | Second member of μέν...δέ correlation. |
| 17 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | Polarity=Neg | 18 ἠκροᾶτο | advmod | high | Negates ἠκροᾶτο. |
| 18 | ἠκροᾶτο | ἀκροάομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 23 λέγουσιν | ccomp | medium | Imperfect middle, coordinated contrast clause; content is ἃ, with διδάσκοντος dependent. |
| 19 | διδάσκοντος | διδάσκω | VERB | V-PAP-GMS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 ἠκροᾶτο | advcl | medium | Genitive absolute-like accompanying participle, ‘while he was teaching’; subject is understood Polybius. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἠκροᾶτο | punct | high | |
| 21 | γενέσθαι | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-2AMN | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 23 λέγουσιν | xcomp | high | Aorist middle infinitive in accusative-and-infinitive construction after λέγουσιν. |
| 22 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P----DMS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 23 λέγουσιν | iobj | medium | Dative of reference, referring to the Roman. |
| 23 | λέγουσιν | λέγω | VERB | V-PAI-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 12 ἐχώρησεν | parataxis | medium | Reporting verb introducing γενέσθαι ἁμαρτήματα; subject is an understood ‘they’. |
| 24 | ἁμαρτήματα | ἁμάρτημα | NOUN | N-NPN--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 21 γενέσθαι | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject/predicate of γενέσθαι, accusative form syncretic with nominative. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 λέγουσιν | punct | high |
Ἑλλήνων δὲ ὁπόσαι πόλεις ἐς τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν συνετέλουν, παρὰ Ῥωμαίων εὕραντο αὗται Πολύβιόν σφισι πολιτείας τε καταστήσασθαι καὶ νόμους θεῖναι.
The relative clause introduced by ὁπόσαι modifies πόλεις; the coordinated aorist infinitives depend on εὕραντο, with Πολύβιον as their accusative subject.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἑλλήνων | Ἕλλην | PROPN | N-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 πόλεις | nmod | high | Genitive partitive: 'of the Greeks'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 εὕραντο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὁπόσαι | ὁπόσος | DET | A-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 πόλεις | det | high | Quantifying relative determiner agreeing with πόλεις. |
| 4 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-p---fn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 συνετέλουν | nsubj | high | Subject of συνετέλουν. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Ἀχαϊκὸν | case | high | Preposition governing τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 Ἀχαϊκὸν | det | high | Article substantivizing the ethnic adjective. |
| 7 | Ἀχαϊκὸν | Ἀχαϊκός | ADJ | A-s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 συνετέλουν | obl | high | Accusative of goal/domain with ἐς; 'the Achaean [league]'. |
| 8 | συνετέλουν | συντελέω | VERB | V3PIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 12 εὕραντο | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause predicate modifying πόλεις, with ὁπόσαι introducing the relative clause. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 εὕραντο | punct | high | |
| 10 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 11 Ῥωμαίων | case | high | Preposition governing Ῥωμαίων. |
| 11 | Ῥωμαίων | Ῥωμαῖος | PROPN | A-p---mg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 εὕραντο | obl | high | Genitive with παρά expressing source. |
| 12 | εὕραντο | εὑρίσκω | VERB | V3PAMI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate: 'they obtained/found'. |
| 13 | αὗται | οὗτος | PRON | P--nf--p- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 12 εὕραντο | nsubj | high | Resumptive subject, referring to πόλεις. |
| 14 | Πολύβιόν | Πολύβιος | PROPN | Nb---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 καταστήσασθαι | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive καταστήσασθαι, with Πολύβιος as a personal name. |
| 15 | σφισι | σφεῖς | PRON | Pp---md-p | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 18 καταστήσασθαι | iobj | medium | Reflexive/third-person plural dative, beneficiary of καταστήσασθαι and θεῖναι. |
| 16 | πολιτείας | πολιτεία | NOUN | N-p---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 18 καταστήσασθαι | obj | high | Object of καταστήσασθαι: constitutions/governments. |
| 17 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 18 καταστήσασθαι | cc | high | Coordinates καταστήσασθαι and θεῖναι. |
| 18 | καταστήσασθαι | καθίστημι | VERB | V--AMN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 12 εὕραντο | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of εὕραντο; middle voice, 'to establish'. |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 21 θεῖναι | cc | high | Coordinates the two infinitival predicates. |
| 20 | νόμους | νόμος | NOUN | N-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 θεῖναι | obj | high | Object of θεῖναι. |
| 21 | θεῖναι | τίθημι | VERB | V--AAN---- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 18 καταστήσασθαι | conj | high | Coordinated infinitive: 'to establish/lay down laws'. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 εὕραντο | punct | high |
τῆς δʼ εἰκόνος τοῦ Πολυβίου τὸ βουλευτήριόν ἐστιν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ.
The genitive phrase τῆς ... εἰκόνος τοῦ Πολυβίου is a left-dislocated/locative reference (‘to the left of the image of Polybius’); τὸ βουλευτήριον is the nominative subject of ἐστιν, with ἐν ἀριστερᾷ as the predicative location. The exact attachment of τῆς ... εἰκόνος is syntactically elliptical and marked low confidence.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 εἰκόνος | det | high | |
| 2 | δʼ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 7 βουλευτήριόν | cc | high | Apocopated/elided form of δέ. |
| 3 | εἰκόνος | εἰκών | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 ἀριστερᾷ | obl | medium | Genitive in an elliptical spatial/reference construction. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 Πολυβίου | det | high | |
| 5 | Πολυβίου | Πολύβιος | PROPN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 εἰκόνος | nmod | high | Proper name, genitive singular. |
| 6 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 βουλευτήριόν | det | high | |
| 7 | βουλευτήριόν | βουλευτήριον | NOUN | N-NSN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐστιν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | ἐστιν | εἰμί | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | P | _ | 10 ἀριστερᾷ | case | high | |
| 10 | ἀριστερᾷ | ἀριστερός | ADJ | A-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐστιν | obl | medium | Substantivized feminine dative (‘on/to the left’); ἐν ἀριστερᾷ is locative/predicative. |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐστιν | punct | high |