Grammar parses for passage 8.38.1
Open translation for this passage
ἀνωτέρω δὲ ὀλίγον τείχους τε περίβολος τῆς Λυκοσούρας ἐστὶ καὶ οἰκήτορες ἔνεισιν οὐ πολλοί.
Two coordinated existential clauses share the locative adverb ἀνωτέρω; ὀλίγον modifies the first clause as an adverbial measure, while τείχους is a genitive dependent on περίβολος. The lexical form ἔνεισιν is treated as an existential ἔνειμι, with medium confidence.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνωτέρω | ἄνω | ADV | Adverbial comparative | Degree=Cmp | 9 ἐστὶ | advmod | high | Comparative adverb, locative/directional in sense. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 9 ἐστὶ | cc | high | Postpositive coordinating connective. |
| 3 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADV | Adverbial accusative | Degree=Pos | 1 ἀνωτέρω | advmod | medium | Neuter accusative used adverbially, ‘a little’; could be construed with ἀνωτέρω. |
| 4 | τείχους | τεῖχος | NOUN | N-s---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 περίβολος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on περίβολος. |
| 5 | τε | τε | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 6 περίβολος | cc | high | First member of the τε ... καί coordination. |
| 6 | περίβολος | περίβολος | NOUN | N-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἐστὶ | nsubj | high | Predicate/subject noun in the existential clause; nominative. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 Λυκοσούρας | det | high | Definite article modifying the place name. |
| 8 | Λυκοσούρας | Λυκόσουρα | PROPN | Ne-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 περίβολος | nmod | high | Genitive proper name, dependent on περίβολος. |
| 9 | ἐστὶ | εἰμί | VERB | V3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Existential/copular predicate of the first clause. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conjunction | _ | 12 ἔνεισιν | cc | high | Coordinates the second existential clause with the first. |
| 11 | οἰκήτορες | οἰκήτωρ | NOUN | N-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἔνεισιν | nsubj | high | Nominative plural subject of ἔνεισιν. |
| 12 | ἔνεισιν | ἔνειμι | VERB | V3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 9 ἐστὶ | conj | medium | Existential verb; orthographic form is analyzed as ἔνειμι, ‘are present/exist’. |
| 13 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | Particle | Polarity=Neg | 14 πολλοί | advmod | high | Negates πολλοί. |
| 14 | πολλοί | πολύς | ADJ | A-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 οἰκήτορες | amod | high | Predicative/adjectival complement describing the inhabitants, ‘not many’. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐστὶ | punct | high |
πόλεων δέ, ὁπόσας ἐπὶ τῇ ἠπείρῳ ἔδειξε γῆ καὶ ἐν νήσοις, Λυκόσουρά ἐστι πρεσβυτάτη, καὶ ταύτην εἶδεν ὁ ἥλιος πρώτην·
The opening genitive πόλεων is a partitive/topic genitive with πρεσβυτάτη; ὁπόσας is an accusative relative pronoun as object of ἔδειξε, whose subject is γῆ (with καί coordination to ἐν νήσοις).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | N-GF-P | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | obl | high | Partitive/topic genitive: ‘of cities’. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | punct | high | |
| 4 | ὁπόσας | ὁπόσος | PRON | A-PA-P | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἔδειξε | obj | high | Relative pronoun, object of ἔδειξε; antecedent πόλεων. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 ἠπείρῳ | case | high | With dative, ‘on/upon’. |
| 6 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | R-D--SF | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἠπείρῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | ἠπείρῳ | ἤπειρος | NOUN | N-D-FS | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔδειξε | obl | high | Prepositional location. |
| 8 | ἔδειξε | δείκνυμι | VERB | V-AIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 9 γῆ | acl:relcl | high | Relative-clause predicate; γῆ is subject. |
| 9 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | N-NF-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔδειξε | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔδειξε. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 ἔδειξε | cc | high | Coordinates the following locative phrase. |
| 11 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 νήσοις | case | high | With dative, ‘in’. |
| 12 | νήσοις | νῆσος | NOUN | N-D-FP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἔδειξε | obl | high | Second location coordinated with ἐπὶ τῇ ἠπείρῳ. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | punct | high | |
| 14 | Λυκόσουρά | Λυκόσουρα | PROPN | N-NF-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστι | nsubj | high | Place-name, nominative subject. |
| 15 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | V-PIA-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root. |
| 16 | πρεσβυτάτη | πρέσβυς | ADJ | A-SNF-S | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 ἐστι | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective, superlative ‘oldest’. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 15 ἐστι | punct | high | |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 20 εἶδεν | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause. |
| 19 | ταύτην | οὗτος | PRON | A-PA-FS | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 20 εἶδεν | obj | high | Demonstrative object, referring to Λυκόσουρα. |
| 20 | εἶδεν | ὁράω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 15 ἐστι | conj | high | Second coordinated predicate. |
| 21 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | R-N--SM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἥλιος | det | high | |
| 22 | ἥλιος | ἥλιος | NOUN | N-NM-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 εἶδεν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἶδεν. |
| 23 | πρώτην | πρῶτος | ADJ | A-AAF-S | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 εἶδεν | advmod | medium | Accusative feminine agreeing notionally with ταύτην; predicative/temporal ‘first’. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | U-------- | _ | 15 ἐστι | punct | high |
ἀπὸ ταύτης δὲ οἱ λοιποὶ ποιεῖσθαι πόλεις μεμαθήκασιν ἄνθρωποι.
The subject ἄνθρωποι is postposed; μεμαθήκασιν governs the complementary infinitive ποιεῖσθαι, with πόλεις as its object. ταύτης is the demonstrative object of ἀπό; οἱ λοιποί is substantivized nominative plural.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | R- | AdpType=Prep | 2 ταύτης | case | high | |
| 2 | ταύτης | οὗτος | PRON | RD--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἀπό. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | cc | high | |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | L----NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 5 λοιποὶ | det | high | Article substantivizing λοιποί with it. |
| 5 | λοιποὶ | λοιπός | ADJ | A--NPM- | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἄνθρωποι | nsubj | medium | Substantivized by οἱ; may be understood as a coordinated/topic subject with ἄνθρωποι. |
| 6 | ποιεῖσθαι | ποιέω | VERB | V--PMN-- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive after μεμαθήκασιν. |
| 7 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N--AFP- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ποιεῖσθαι | obj | high | |
| 8 | μεμαθήκασιν | μανθάνω | VERB | V-RIA3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | N--NPM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | nsubj | medium | Postposed explicit subject; syntactically overlaps in reference with οἱ λοιποί. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | punct | high |