Grammar parses for passage 8.38.1
Open translation for this passage
ἀνωτέρω δὲ ὀλίγον τείχους τε περίβολος τῆς Λυκοσούρας ἐστὶ καὶ οἰκήτορες ἔνεισιν οὐ πολλοί.
The sentence has two coordinated existential clauses; the first is elliptical in sense, with ἀνωτέρω ὀλίγον modifying the locative relation of περίβολος, and the second states that the inhabitants are not many.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνωτέρω | ἀνώτερος | ADV | B | _ | 9 ἐστὶ | advmod | high | Comparative adverb 'higher/further up'. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἐστὶ | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADV | B | _ | 1 ἀνωτέρω | advmod | medium | Likely adverbial 'a little' modifying ἀνωτέρω. |
| 4 | τείχους | τεῖχος | NOUN | N-SG---NG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 περίβολος | nmod | high | Dependent genitive of περίβολος. |
| 5 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 6 περίβολος | cc | high | Enclitic connective 'and/also'. |
| 6 | περίβολος | περίβολος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἐστὶ | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστὶ. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-SF--GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Λυκοσούρας | det | high | Article with proper name. |
| 8 | Λυκοσούρας | Λυκοσούρα | PROPN | N-SF--GS- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 περίβολος | nmod | high | Genitive depending on περίβολος. |
| 9 | ἐστὶ | εἰμί | AUX | V-3SPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | First clause predicate. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 12 ἔνεισιν | cc | high | Coordinates the second predicate/clause. |
| 11 | οἰκήτορες | οἰκήτωρ | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἔνεισιν | nsubj | medium | Form is nominative plural; syntactically subject of ἔνεισιν. |
| 12 | ἔνεισιν | ἔνειμι | VERB | V-3PPIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 9 ἐστὶ | conj | high | Conjoined predicate with ἐστὶ. |
| 13 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | _ | _ | 14 πολλοί | advmod | high | Negator. |
| 14 | πολλοί | πολύς | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 οἰκήτορες | amod | high | Predicate adjective agreeing with οἰκήτορες. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐστὶ | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
πόλεων δέ, ὁπόσας ἐπὶ τῇ ἠπείρῳ ἔδειξε γῆ καὶ ἐν νήσοις, Λυκόσουρά ἐστι πρεσβυτάτη, καὶ ταύτην εἶδεν ὁ ἥλιος πρώτην·
The clause with ἔδειξε is compressed and somewhat elliptical; I treated πρεσβυτάτη as the main predicate with the first clause attached as a relative/parenthetical description.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | πόλεων | πόλις | NOUN | N--PGF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 4 ὁπόσας | obl | high | Genitive dependent of ὁπόσας; partitive/area of reference. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | PART | P | _ | 4 ὁπόσας | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ὁπόσας | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 4 | ὁπόσας | ὁπόσος | ADJ | A--PAF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἔδειξε | obj | high | Relative/interrogative adjective functioning as object of ἔδειξε. |
| 5 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R | _ | 8 ἔδειξε | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 6 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | L-DFS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἠπείρῳ | det | high | Article with ἠπείρῳ. |
| 7 | ἠπείρῳ | ἤπειρος | NOUN | N--DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔδειξε | obl | high | Object of ἐπί. |
| 8 | ἔδειξε | δείκνυμι | VERB | V3AAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | advcl | medium | Introduces the relative clause modifying Λυκόσουρά; dependent of the main predicate εἶναι implied in ἐστι. |
| 9 | γῆ | γῆ | NOUN | N--NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἔδειξε | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of ἔδειξε with omitted copular-style sense? Syntax is somewhat compressed; annotated as subject. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 11 ἐν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 11 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 8 ἔδειξε | case | high | Preposition governing dative. |
| 12 | νήσοις | νῆσος | NOUN | N--DPF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἔδειξε | obl | high | Object of ἐν. |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἔδειξε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 14 | Λυκόσουρά | Λυκόσουρα | PROPN | N--NSF- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐστι. |
| 15 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | V3SPI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | cop | high | Copula with predicative adjective. |
| 16 | πρεσβυτάτη | πρέσβυς | ADJ | A--NSF- | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 20 εἶδεν | cc | high | Coordinates the second clause. |
| 19 | ταύτην | οὗτος | PRON | Pd-ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 20 εἶδεν | obj | high | Direct object of εἶδεν. |
| 20 | εἶδεν | ὁράω | VERB | V3AAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb. |
| 21 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | L-NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 ἥλιος | det | high | Article with ἥλιος. |
| 22 | ἥλιος | ἥλιος | NOUN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 εἶδεν | nsubj | high | Subject of εἶδεν. |
| 23 | πρώτην | πρῶτος | ADJ | A--ASF- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 εἶδεν | advmod | medium | Adverbial use 'first'; accusative feminine form agrees with implied πόλιν/ταύτην contextually. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 πρεσβυτάτη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἀπὸ ταύτης δὲ οἱ λοιποὶ ποιεῖσθαι πόλεις μεμαθήκασιν ἄνθρωποι.
The syntax is somewhat compressed: ἄνθρωποι is the subject of μεμαθήκασιν, which takes an infinitival complement ποιεῖσθαι πόλεις; ἀπὸ ταύτης is a fronted prepositional phrase modifying the clause.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | _ | AdpType=Prep | 2 ταύτης | case | high | Preposition governing the following demonstrative. |
| 2 | ταύτης | οὗτος | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 6 ποιεῖσθαι | obl | medium | Likely genitive object of ἀπό modifying the infinitive clause. |
| 3 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 4 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 ἄνθρωποι | det | high | Article with ἄνθρωποι. |
| 5 | λοιποὶ | λοιπός | ADJ | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἄνθρωποι | amod | high | Attributive adjective modifying ἄνθρωποι. |
| 6 | ποιεῖσθαι | ποιέω | VERB | _ | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of μεμαθήκασιν. |
| 7 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ποιεῖσθαι | obj | high | Object of the infinitive. |
| 8 | μεμαθήκασιν | μανθάνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 9 ἄνθρωποι | acl | medium | Perfect indicative; likely participial-like sense with ἄνθρωποι as subject. |
| 9 | ἄνθρωποι | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | nsubj | high | Subject of μεμαθήκασιν. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 μεμαθήκασιν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |