Grammar parses for passage 8.39.3
Open translation for this passage
Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ ἡνίκα Ἀρκάσιν ἐπεχείρησαν καὶ ἐσέβαλον ἐς τὴν Φιγαλίαν στρατιᾷ, μάχῃ τε νικῶσι τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους καὶ ἐπολιόρκουν προσκαθεζόμενοι·
The sentence is a sequence of coordinated historical verbs; Ἀρκάσιν and μάχῃ are interpreted as dative complements of the first and third verbs respectively.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐπεχείρησαν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | ἡνίκα | ἡνίκα | SCONJ | _ | _ | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | mark | high | Introduces temporal clause. |
| 4 | Ἀρκάσιν | Ἀρκάς | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | iobj | medium | Likely dative with ἐπεχείρησαν, 'against the Arcadians'. |
| 5 | ἐπεχείρησαν | ἐπιχειρέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 6 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 7 ἐσέβαλον | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 7 | ἐσέβαλον | εἰσβάλλω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | conj | high | Coordinated verb with ἐπεχείρησαν. |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 10 Φιγαλίαν | case | high | Preposition governing Φιγαλίαν. |
| 9 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Φιγαλίαν | det | high | Article. |
| 10 | Φιγαλίαν | Φιγαλία | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐσέβαλον | obl | high | Goal/location of ἐσέβαλον. |
| 11 | στρατιᾷ | στρατιά | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἐσέβαλον | obl | medium | Dative of manner/instrument with ἐσέβαλον. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 13 | μάχῃ | μάχη | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 νικῶσι | obl | medium | Dative with νικῶσι, likely instrumental/manner. |
| 14 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 15 νικῶσι | advmod | medium | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 15 | νικῶσι | νικάω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | conj | medium | Present tense in historical sequence; coordinated with preceding verbs. |
| 16 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 ἐπιχωρίους | det | high | Article. |
| 17 | ἐπιχωρίους | ἐπιχώριος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 νικῶσι | obj | high | Direct object of νικῶσι. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 19 ἐπολιόρκουν | cc | high | Coordinates ἐπολιόρκουν. |
| 19 | ἐπολιόρκουν | πολιορκέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | conj | high | Coordinated main verb. |
| 20 | προσκαθεζόμενοι | προσκαθεζομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 19 ἐπολιόρκουν | advcl | medium | Participial adjunct modifying ἐπολιόρκουν. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἐπεχείρησαν | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
κινδυνεύοντος δὲ ἁλῶναι τοῦ τείχους ἐκδιδράσκουσιν οἱ Φιγαλεῖς, ἢ καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σφᾶς ἀφιᾶσιν ἐξελθεῖν ὑποσπόνδους.
The opening genitive absolute governs an infinitival clause; the second clause is a coordinated alternative with an infinitival complement, and the precise attachment of καὶ/ὑποσπόνδους is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κινδυνεύοντος | κινδυνεύω | VERB | V-PAAPGSM | Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 ἁλῶναι | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 6 ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἁλῶναι | ἁλίσκομαι | VERB | V-AAN | Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 1 κινδυνεύοντος | xcomp | medium | Infinitive dependent on the genitive participle; form can be parsed as aorist/second aorist passive infinitive of ἁλίσκομαι. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 τείχους | det | high | Article. |
| 5 | τείχους | τεῖχος | NOUN | n-s---ng- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἁλῶναι | nsubj | high | Subject of the infinitive. |
| 6 | ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | ἐκδιδράσκω | VERB | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 7 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 8 Φιγαλεῖς | det | high | Article. |
| 8 | Φιγαλεῖς | Φιγαλεύς | PROPN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐκδιδράσκουσιν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 15 ἀφιᾶσιν | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction, likely introducing an alternative/clausal variant. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | PART | _ | _ | 10 ἢ | advmod | low | Possibly emphatic 'also'; coordination environment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 12 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | l-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 13 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | Article. |
| 13 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀφιᾶσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀφιᾶσιν. |
| 14 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | p-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 16 ἐξελθεῖν | obj | high | Reflexive/third-person pronoun. |
| 15 | ἀφιᾶσιν | ἀφίημι | VERB | v3ppia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 6 ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | conj | high | Coordinated with the main verb. |
| 16 | ἐξελθεῖν | ἐξέρχομαι | VERB | v--ana--- | Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 15 ἀφιᾶσιν | xcomp | high | Complement infinitive after ἀφίημι. |
| 17 | ὑποσπόνδους | ὑπόσπονδος | ADJ | a-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἐξελθεῖν | obj | medium | Likely predicative/object-related complement of the infinitive; syntax somewhat uncertain. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἐκδιδράσκουσιν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
ἐγένετο δὲ ἡ τῆς Φιγαλίας ἅλωσις καὶ Φιγαλέων ἡ ἐξ αὐτῆς φυγὴ Μιλτιάδου μὲν Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, δευτέρῳ δὲ ἔτει τῆς τριακοστῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος, ἣν Χίονις Λάκων ἐνίκα τὸ τρίτον.
Two coordinated nominative nouns (ἅλωσις, φυγή) share the main predicate ἐγένετο; the genitive absolute Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος and the relative clause ἣν ... ἐνίκα are the main syntactic difficulties.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-AMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 ἅλωσις | det | high | Article modifying ἅλωσις. |
| 4 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Φιγαλίας | det | high | Article modifying Φιγαλίας. |
| 5 | Φιγαλίας | Φιγαλία | PROPN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἅλωσις | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ἅλωσις. |
| 6 | ἅλωσις | ἅλωσις | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject coordinated with φυγή. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 φυγὴ | cc | high | Links the two coordinated subjects. |
| 8 | Φιγαλέων | Φιγαλεύς | PROPN | N-PGM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 φυγὴ | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of φυγή. |
| 9 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | L-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 φυγὴ | det | high | Article modifying φυγὴ. |
| 10 | ἐξ | ἐκ | ADP | R--- | _ | 12 φυγὴ | case | high | Preposition governing αὐτῆς. |
| 11 | αὐτῆς | αὐτός | PRON | P-3GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 12 φυγὴ | nmod | high | Object of ἐξ. |
| 12 | φυγὴ | φυγή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐγένετο | conj | high | Second coordinated subject. |
| 13 | Μιλτιάδου | Μιλτιάδης | PROPN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἄρχοντος | nsubj | high | Subject of ἄρχοντος. |
| 14 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 16 ἄρχοντος | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 15 | Ἀθήνῃσιν | Ἀθήνησι(ν) | ADV | D-------- | _ | 16 ἄρχοντος | advmod | medium | Locative adverbial use. |
| 16 | ἄρχοντος | ἄρχων | VERB | V-PAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 ἐγένετο | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 18 | δευτέρῳ | δεύτερος | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἔτει | amod | high | Modifies ἔτει. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | PART | PART | _ | 20 ἔτει | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 20 | ἔτει | ἔτος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Temporal dative. |
| 21 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 23 Ὀλυμπιάδος | det | high | Article modifying Ὀλυμπιάδος. |
| 22 | τριακοστῆς | τριακοστός | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 Ὀλυμπιάδος | amod | high | Modifies Ὀλυμπιάδος. |
| 23 | Ὀλυμπιάδος | Ὀλυμπιάς | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 20 ἔτει | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of ἔτει. |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 20 ἔτει | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 25 | ἣν | ὅς | PRON | P-3ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Rel | 28 ἐνίκα | obj | high | Relative pronoun referring to Ὀλυμπιάς. |
| 26 | Χίονις | Χίονις | PROPN | N--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ἐνίκα | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐνίκα. |
| 27 | Λάκων | Λάκων | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 Χίονις | appos | high | Appositive ethnicon. |
| 28 | ἐνίκα | νικάω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 Ὀλυμπιάδος | acl:relcl | high | Relative clause modifying Ὀλυμπιάδος. |
| 29 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 30 τρίτον | det | high | Article modifying τρίτον. |
| 30 | τρίτον | τρίτος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 28 ἐνίκα | obj | high | Adverbial accusative of extent/degree. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |