Grammar parses for passage 8.40.3
Open translation for this passage
ἐοικὸς δὲ καὶ Ἀργείους οἶδα ἐπὶ Κρεύγᾳ ποιήσαντας Ἐπιδαμνίῳ πύκτῃ·
The construction has οἶδα with a supplementary participle ποιήσαντας, while ἐοικὸς is an impersonal-looking perfect participle agreeing with an understood neuter subject; Ἀργείους is the accusative subject of ποιήσαντας. The phrase ἐπὶ Κρεύγᾳ likely denotes action concerning/against Creugas; Κρεύγᾳ is dative, and Ἐπιδαμνίῳ modifies πύκτῃ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐοικὸς | ἔοικα | VERB | V--RPA-S-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Active | 5 οἶδα | xcomp | medium | Perfect active participle, neuter nominative singular; likely an impersonal predicate with omitted/understood neuter subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 οἶδα | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 Ἀργείους | cc | high | Coordinating/additive particle. |
| 4 | Ἀργείους | Ἀργεῖος | PROPN | A--PAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ποιήσαντας | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the supplementary participle ποιήσαντας. |
| 5 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V--XPA-1S- | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Perfect|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 6 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 Κρεύγᾳ | case | high | Preposition governing the dative Κρεύγᾳ. |
| 7 | Κρεύγᾳ | Κρεύγας | PROPN | N--DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ποιήσαντας | obl | medium | Proper name; dative governed by ἐπί, with the precise semantic relation context-dependent. |
| 8 | ποιήσαντας | ποιέω | VERB | V--AAPAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Plur|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 5 οἶδα | xcomp | high | Supplementary accusative participle with οἶδα; Ἀργείους is its accusative subject. |
| 9 | Ἐπιδαμνίῳ | Ἐπιδαμνιάς | ADJ | A--DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 πύκτῃ | amod | high | Ethnic adjective agreeing with πύκτῃ. |
| 10 | πύκτῃ | πύκτης | NOUN | N--DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ποιήσαντας | obl | high | Dative object/participant associated with ποιήσαντας; likely ‘the boxer’. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 οἶδα | punct | high |
ἐφήξειν μὲν γὰρ ἔμελλεν ἑσπέρα πυκτεύουσιν αὐτοῖς, συνέθεντο δὲ ἐς ἐπήκοον ἀνὰ μέρος τὸν ἕτερον ὑποσχεῖν αὐτῶν τῷ ἑτέρῳ πληγήν.
The sentence has an indirect statement with ἐφήξειν dependent on ἔμελλεν; ἑσπέρα is an adverbial accusative of time, and συνέθεντο governs the infinitive ὑποσχεῖν with reciprocal distributive objects. The antecedent of αὐτῶν is the boxers, while τῷ ἑτέρῳ is the recipient of πληγήν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐφήξειν | ἐφήκω | VERB | V--ANA---- | Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 4 ἔμελλεν | xcomp | high | Future active infinitive in indirect statement, complement of ἔμελλεν. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Df | _ | 4 ἔμελλεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle, paired with δὲ. |
| 3 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | Gd | _ | 4 ἔμελλεν | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 4 | ἔμελλεν | μέλλω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 9 συνέθεντο | parataxis | high | Imperfect main verb, taking ἐφήξειν as infinitival complement. |
| 5 | ἑσπέρα | ἑσπέρα | NOUN | N--NAF-S- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ἐφήξειν | obl | low | Form is nominative, but syntactically understood adverbially as a time expression; likely textual or orthographic irregularity for an accusative temporal form. |
| 6 | πυκτεύουσιν | πυκτεύω | VERB | V-PAP-DPM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 ἐφήξειν | obl | medium | Present active participle, dative plural, agreeing with αὐτοῖς; circumstantial temporal/participant expression. |
| 7 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-ODPM--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 6 πυκτεύουσιν | obl | high | Dative plural referring to the boxers. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 συνέθεντο | punct | high | |
| 9 | συνέθεντο | συντίθημι | VERB | V-AIM-3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb, middle voice meaning they agreed. |
| 10 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C--------- | _ | 9 συνέθεντο | cc | high | Coordinating adversative/continuative conjunction. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R--------- | _ | 12 ἐπήκοον | case | high | Preposition governing ἐπήκοον. |
| 12 | ἐπήκοον | ἐπήκοος | ADJ | A---NA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 συνέθεντο | obl | high | Substantivized neuter accusative, in the phrase ἐς ἐπήκοον, publicly or for hearing. |
| 13 | ἀνὰ | ἀνά | ADP | R--------- | _ | 14 μέρος | case | high | Preposition governing μέρος. |
| 14 | μέρος | μέρος | NOUN | N--NA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 συνέθεντο | obl | high | Accusative phrase ἀνὰ μέρος, by turns. |
| 15 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | S---MA---- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἕτερον | det | high | |
| 16 | ἕτερον | ἕτερος | PRON | A--SMA---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 17 ὑποσχεῖν | nsubj | high | Substantivized accusative, subject of the infinitive ὑποσχεῖν. |
| 17 | ὑποσχεῖν | ὑπισχνέομαι | VERB | V-ANA---- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 9 συνέθεντο | xcomp | high | Aorist active infinitive governed by συνέθεντο. |
| 18 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 16 ἕτερον | nmod | high | Partitive or possessive genitive, their, associated with the two opponents. |
| 19 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | S---MD---- | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 20 ἑτέρῳ | det | high | |
| 20 | ἑτέρῳ | ἕτερος | PRON | A--SMD---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind | 21 πληγήν | iobj | high | Substantivized dative, recipient of the blow. |
| 21 | πληγήν | πληγή | NOUN | N--NAF-S- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ὑποσχεῖν | obj | high | Accusative object of ὑποσχεῖν. |
| 22 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 συνέθεντο | punct | high |
τοῖς δὲ πυκτεύουσιν οὐκ ἦν πω τηνικαῦτα ἱμὰς ὀξὺς ἐπὶ τῷ καρπῷ τῆς χειρὸς ἑκατέρας, ἀλλὰ ταῖς μειλίχαις ἔτι ἐπύκτευον, ὑπὸ τὸ κοῖλον δέοντες τῆς χειρός, ἵνα οἱ δάκτυλοί σφισιν ἀπολείπωνται γυμνοί·
The first clause has an existential construction: τοῖς πυκτεύουσιν is a dative of reference/association, with ἱμὰς as the notional subject and ὀξὺς agreeing with it; δέοντες is a participial predicate of the implicit boxers, governing ὑπὸ τὸ κοῖλον. The final ἀπολείπωνται is passive/subjunctive in the purpose clause, with δάκτυλοι as subject and σφισιν as dative of reference.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-dpmn | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 3 πυκτεύουσιν | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C | _ | 5 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | πυκτεύουσιν | πυκτεύω | VERB | V-PAP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 5 ἦν | obl | medium | Dative substantivized participle, ‘for/to the boxers’. |
| 4 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | D | Polarity=Neg | 5 ἦν | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἦν | εἰμί | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Existential/copular verb. |
| 6 | πω | πω | ADV | D | _ | 5 ἦν | advmod | high | |
| 7 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | D | _ | 5 ἦν | advmod | high | Temporal adverb. |
| 8 | ἱμὰς | ἱμάς | NOUN | N-APM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἦν | nsubj | medium | Notional subject of existential ἦν; nominative plural. |
| 9 | ὀξὺς | ὀξύς | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ἱμὰς | amod | medium | Agreement in sense with plural ἱμᾶς; form is orthographically unexpected for strict plural agreement. |
| 10 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R | _ | 12 καρπῷ | case | high | |
| 11 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-dsmn | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 καρπῷ | det | high | |
| 12 | καρπῷ | καρπός | NOUN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἱμὰς | nmod | high | |
| 13 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-dsfn | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 χειρὸς | det | high | |
| 14 | χειρὸς | χείρ | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 καρπῷ | nmod | high | |
| 15 | ἑκατέρας | ἑκάτερος | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 χειρὸς | amod | high | Refers distributively to each hand. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | |
| 17 | ἀλλὰ | ἀλλά | CCONJ | C | _ | 21 ἐπύκτευον | cc | high | |
| 18 | ταῖς | ὁ | DET | T-dpfn | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 19 μειλίχαις | det | high | |
| 19 | μειλίχαις | μειλίχη | NOUN | N-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 ἐπύκτευον | obl | medium | Dative of instrument; ‘with the soft straps/bands’. |
| 20 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D | _ | 21 ἐπύκτευον | advmod | high | |
| 21 | ἐπύκτευον | πυκτεύω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 5 ἦν | conj | high | Contrasted finite predicate. |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἐπύκτευον | punct | high | |
| 23 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R | _ | 25 κοῖλον | case | high | |
| 24 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-asn | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 25 κοῖλον | det | high | |
| 25 | κοῖλον | κοῖλος | ADJ | A-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 δέοντες | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the hollow [of the hand]’. |
| 26 | δέοντες | δέω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 ἐπύκτευον | advcl | high | Present participle, coordinated semantically with the implicit boxers. |
| 27 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-dsfn | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 28 χειρός | det | high | |
| 28 | χειρός | χείρ | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 κοῖλον | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on κοῖλον. |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 21 ἐπύκτευον | punct | high | |
| 30 | ἵνα | ἵνα | SCONJ | C | _ | 34 ἀπολείπωνται | mark | high | |
| 31 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-npmn | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 32 δάκτυλοί | det | high | |
| 32 | δάκτυλοί | δάκτυλος | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 34 ἀπολείπωνται | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 33 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-3DP | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 34 ἀπολείπωνται | obl | medium | Dative of reference/possession. |
| 34 | ἀπολείπωνται | ἀπολείπω | VERB | V-PMS-3P | Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Pass | 21 ἐπύκτευον | advcl | high | Purpose clause; passive ‘be left/remain’. |
| 35 | γυμνοί | γυμνός | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 34 ἀπολείπωνται | xcomp | high | Predicative complement of the passive verb. |
| 36 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high |
αἱ δὲ ἐκ βοέας ὠμῆς ἱμάντες λεπτοὶ τρόπον τινὰ ἀρχαῖον πεπλεγμένοι διʼ ἀλλήλων ἦσαν αἱ μειλίχαι.
The subject is αἱ μειλίχαι; ἱμάντες is a nominative predicate/appositional description, with πεπλεγμένοι agreeing with it. τρόπον τινά ἀρχαῖον is an accusative adverbial expression modifying πεπλεγμένοι; βοέας ὠμῆς is a somewhat difficult material phrase, analyzed as ἐκ + genitive, with βοέας treated as a contracted genitive plural.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 μειλίχαι | det | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 μειλίχαι | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 βοέας | case | high | |
| 4 | βοέας | βοῦς | NOUN | N-GPF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ἱμάντες | nmod | low | Form is difficult; analyzed as contracted genitive plural of βοῦς, ‘ox/cow’. |
| 5 | ὠμῆς | ὠμός | ADJ | A-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 βοέας | amod | low | Agreement with an implied singular material noun or irregularly agreeing with βοέας; syntax is uncertain. |
| 6 | ἱμάντες | ἱμάς | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Predicative/identificational subject-like noun with ἦσαν. |
| 7 | λεπτοὶ | λεπτός | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἱμάντες | amod | high | |
| 8 | τρόπον | τρόπος | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 πεπλεγμένοι | advmod | high | Accusative of manner. |
| 9 | τινὰ | τις | DET | PX-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 τρόπον | det | high | Indefinite determiner modifying τρόπον. |
| 10 | ἀρχαῖον | ἀρχαῖος | ADJ | A-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 τρόπον | amod | high | |
| 11 | πεπλεγμένοι | πλέκω | VERB | V-RMP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 6 ἱμάντες | acl | high | Perfect passive participle, agreeing with ἱμάντες. |
| 12 | διʼ | διά | ADP | PREP | _ | 13 ἀλλήλων | case | high | Elided form διά. |
| 13 | ἀλλήλων | ἀλλήλων | PRON | PX-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 πεπλεγμένοι | obl | high | Genitive governed by διά. |
| 14 | ἦσαν | εἰμί | AUX | V-I察-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 15 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 μειλίχαι | det | high | |
| 16 | μειλίχαι | μειλίχη | NOUN | N-NPF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 14 ἦσαν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦσαν; ἱμάντες is a nominative descriptive complement. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 14 ἦσαν | punct | high |