Grammar parses for passage 8.41.3
Open translation for this passage
εἰσὶ δὲ αἱ πηγαὶ τῆς Νέδας ἐν ὄρει τῷ Κεραυσίῳ·
Existential clause with copular εἰσίν; the locative prepositional phrase modifies the clause as a whole.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰσὶ | εἰμί | VERB | V-3P-PAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular/existential verb used as clause predicate. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | Pcl | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | αἱ | ὁ | DET | L-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 πηγαὶ | det | high | Definite article modifying πηγαί. |
| 4 | πηγαὶ | πηγή | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 εἰσὶ | nsubj | high | Subject of existential εἰσίν. |
| 5 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | L-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Νέδας | det | high | Article modifying Νέδας. |
| 6 | Νέδας | Νέδα | PROPN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 πηγαὶ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of πηγαί. |
| 7 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R | _ | 8 ὄρει | case | high | Introduces locative phrase. |
| 8 | ὄρει | ὄρος | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 εἰσὶ | obl | high | Locative oblique dependent of the existential clause. |
| 9 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Κεραυσίῳ | det | high | Article modifying Κεραυσίῳ. |
| 10 | Κεραυσίῳ | Κεραύσιος | ADJ | A-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ὄρει | amod | high | Attributive adjective agreeing with ὄρει. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 εἰσὶ | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
καθότι δὲ ἐγγύτατα ἡ Νέδα Φιγαλέων τῆς πόλεως γίνεται, κατὰ τοῦτο οἱ Φιγαλέων παῖδες ἀποκείρονται τῷ ποταμῷ τὰς κόμας·
The syntax is straightforward overall: a causal clause with καθότι, a main clause with γίνεται, and an adverbial comparative/clausal explanation introduced by κατὰ τοῦτο governing the following cutting action.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καθότι | καθότι | SCONJ | _ | _ | 16 ἀποκείρονται | mark | high | Causal conjunction introducing the clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 16 ἀποκείρονται | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐγγύτατα | ἐγγύτατα | ADV | _ | _ | 9 γίνεται | advmod | high | Superlative adverb modifying γίνεται. |
| 4 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 Νέδα | det | high | Definite article. |
| 5 | Νέδα | Νέδα | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 γίνεται | nsubj | high | Subject of γίνεται. |
| 6 | Φιγαλέων | Φιγαλεύς | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Νέδα | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent of Νέδα; likely possessive/genitival relation. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 πόλεως | det | high | Article. |
| 8 | πόλεως | πόλις | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 Φιγαλέων | nmod | medium | Genitive complement of Φιγαλέων. |
| 9 | γίνεται | γίγνομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 γίνεται | punct | high | Comma. |
| 11 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 12 τοῦτο | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 12 | τοῦτο | οὗτος | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 16 ἀποκείρονται | obl | high | Adverbial accusative introduced by κατά. |
| 13 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 παῖδες | det | high | Article. |
| 14 | Φιγαλέων | Φιγαλεύς | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 παῖδες | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of παῖδες. |
| 15 | παῖδες | παῖς | NOUN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 16 ἀποκείρονται | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀποκείρονται. |
| 16 | ἀποκείρονται | ἀποκείρω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 9 γίνεται | advcl | high | Adverbial clause linked to γίνεται. |
| 17 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 18 ποταμῷ | det | high | Article. |
| 18 | ποταμῷ | ποταμός | NOUN | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀποκείρονται | obl | high | Dative with ἀποκείρονται, likely instrumental/associative. |
| 19 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 20 κόμας | det | high | Article. |
| 20 | κόμας | κόμη | NOUN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 16 ἀποκείρονται | obj | high | Direct object of ἀποκείρονται. |
| 21 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 γίνεται | punct | high | Paragraph punctuation. |
τὰ δὲ πρὸς θαλάσσῃ καὶ ἀναπλεῖται ναυσὶν οὐ μεγάλαις ἡ Νέδα.
The clause is syntactically somewhat compressed: τὰ δὲ πρὸς θαλάσσῃ is treated as a fronted object-like phrase, but the passage likely reflects local usage/ellipsis.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | Article | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | obj | medium | Likely accusative neuter plural article; syntax somewhat irregular without an explicit noun. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | Particle | _ | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | Preposition | _ | 4 θαλάσσῃ | case | high | Introduces dative complement. |
| 4 | θαλάσσῃ | θάλασσα | NOUN | N-SF-D | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | obl | high | Dative complement of πρός. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 6 | ἀναπλεῖται | ἀναπλέω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite verb, main predicate. |
| 7 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-DP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | obl | high | Dative of means/instrument. |
| 8 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | Neg | _ | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | advmod | high | Negation particle. |
| 9 | μεγάλαις | μέγας | ADJ | A-DFP | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 7 ναυσὶν | amod | high | Agrees with ναυσίν. |
| 10 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | Article | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 Νέδα | det | high | Article with proper name. |
| 11 | Νέδα | Νέδα | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | nsubj | high | Subject of ἀναπλεῖται. |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 ἀναπλεῖται | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
ποταμῶν δὲ ὁπόσους ἴσμεν Μαίανδρος μὲν σκολιῷ μάλιστα κάτεισι τῷ ῥεύματι, ἔς τε τὸ ἄνω καμπὰς καὶ αὖθις ἐπιστροφὰς παρεχόμενος πλείστας·
The syntax is somewhat compressed: ὁπόσους ἴσμεν most naturally depends on ποταμῶν, while the rest describes Μαίανδρος with a finite verb and participial phrase.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ποταμῶν | ποταμός | NOUN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἴσμεν | obj | high | Dependent on ἴσμεν, partitive/genitive object. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G--------- | _ | 4 ἴσμεν | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 3 | ὁπόσους | ὁπόσος | DET | A-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ποταμῶν | det | medium | Likely modifies ποταμῶν in sense 'how many rivers', though syntax is somewhat compressed. |
| 4 | ἴσμεν | οἶδα | VERB | V-PAI-1P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the sentence. |
| 5 | Μαίανδρος | Μαίανδρος | PROPN | N----NS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 κάτεισι | nsubj | high | Subject of κάτεισι. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G--------- | _ | 9 κάτεισι | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 7 | σκολιῷ | σκολιός | ADJ | A--D---NS- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ῥεύματι | amod | medium | Likely modifies ῥεύματι; agreement is neuter with ῥεύματι. |
| 8 | μάλιστα | μάλιστα | ADV | D--------- | _ | 9 κάτεισι | advmod | high | Degree adverb modifying κάτεισι. |
| 9 | κάτεισι | κάτειμι | VERB | V-PAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 ἴσμεν | advcl | high | Finite verb in a relative/parenthetical clause depending on ἴσμεν. |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | L-S---DM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 11 ῥεύματι | det | high | Article modifying ῥεύματι. |
| 11 | ῥεύματι | ῥεῦμα | NOUN | N-S---DN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 9 κάτεισι | obl | high | Dative of manner/instrument with κάτεισι. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 κάτεισι | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 13 | ἔς | εἰς | ADP | R--------- | _ | 21 παρεχόμενος | mark | high | Introduces directional phrase. |
| 14 | τε | τε | PART | G--------- | _ | 13 ἔς | fixed | medium | Enclitic connective with ἔς. |
| 15 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-S---AN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 καμπὰς | det | high | Article modifying καμπάς. |
| 16 | ἄνω | ἄνω | ADV | D--------- | _ | 17 καμπὰς | amod | medium | Adverbial modifier used attributively with καμπάς. |
| 17 | καμπὰς | καμπή | NOUN | N-P---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 παρεχόμενος | obj | high | Object/complement of παρεχόμενος within the prepositional phrase. |
| 18 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | G--------- | _ | 21 παρεχόμενος | cc | high | Coordinating conjunction. |
| 19 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | D--------- | _ | 21 παρεχόμενος | advmod | high | Adverb modifying παρεχόμενος. |
| 20 | ἐπιστροφὰς | ἐπιστροφή | NOUN | N-P---FA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 21 παρεχόμενος | obj | high | Second coordinated object/complement of παρεχόμενος. |
| 21 | παρεχόμενος | παρέχω | VERB | V-PMP-NS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 9 κάτεισι | advcl | high | Participial clause coordinated with the preceding description of the river. |
| 22 | πλείστας | πλεῖστος | ADJ | A-P---FA- | Case=Acc|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 20 ἐπιστροφὰς | amod | high | Modifies ἐπιστροφὰς. |
| 23 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἴσμεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
δεύτερα δὲ ἑλιγμῶν γε ἕνεκα φέροιτο ἂν ἡ Νέδα.
The phrase ἑλιγμῶν γε ἕνεκα is a genitive phrase governed by postposition ἕνεκα; δεύτερα is best treated as an adverbial accusative modifying the main predicate, though the exact nuance is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | δεύτερα | δεύτερος | ADJ | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 6 φέροιτο | obl | medium | Adverbial accusative/adjectival use, likely 'secondly' or 'for a second time'; form could also be interpreted as adverbial. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | _ | _ | 6 φέροιτο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἑλιγμῶν | ἑλιγμός | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ἕνεκα | nmod | high | Dependent genitive with ἕνεκα. |
| 4 | γε | γε | PART | _ | _ | 5 ἕνεκα | discourse | high | Enclitic emphasis particle. |
| 5 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | _ | _ | 6 φέροιτο | obl | high | Postposition governing genitive. |
| 6 | φέροιτο | φέρω | VERB | V--OPO3S- | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main predicate in potential optative with ἄν. |
| 7 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | _ | _ | 6 φέροιτο | advmod | high | Modal particle with optative. |
| 8 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 Νέδα | det | high | Definite article. |
| 9 | Νέδα | Νέδα | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 φέροιτο | nsubj | high | Subject of the clause. |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 6 φέροιτο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |