Grammar parses for passage 8.5.1
Open translation for this passage
Λυκούργου δὲ ἀποθανόντος Ἔχεμος ὁ Ἀερόπου τοῦ Κηφέως τοῦ Ἀλέου τὴν Ἀρκάδων ἔσχεν ἀρχήν.
Genitive absolute Λυκούργου ἀποθανόντος sets the temporal circumstance; Ἔχεμος is the subject of ἔσχεν, with a multi-layered appositional/possessive identification (ὁ Ἀερόπου τοῦ Κηφέως τοῦ Ἀλέου).
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Λυκούργου | Λυκοῦργος | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἀποθανόντος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 ἔσχεν | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἀποθανόντος | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V-AAPGSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | Aorist active participle in a genitive absolute. |
| 4 | Ἔχεμος | Ἔχεμος | PROPN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 ἔσχεν | nsubj | high | Main-clause subject. |
| 5 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | P---NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 6 Ἀερόπου | det | high | Article introducing the identifying phrase. |
| 6 | Ἀερόπου | Ἀέροπος | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Ἔχεμος | appos | medium | Patronymic genitive, identifying Ἔχεμος as son/descendant of Ἀέροπος; article agreement is structurally irregular or substantivizing. |
| 7 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 Κηφέως | det | high | Article with the following genealogical name. |
| 8 | Κηφέως | Κηφεύς | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Ἀερόπου | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on Ἀερόπου, continuing the genealogy. |
| 9 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | P---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Ἀλέου | det | high | Article with the final genealogical name. |
| 10 | Ἀλέου | Ἀλέος | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 Κηφέως | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on Κηφέως, completing the genealogy. |
| 11 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | P---ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ἀρχήν | det | high | Article modifying ἀρχήν. |
| 12 | Ἀρκάδων | Ἀρκάς | PROPN | N--GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἀρχήν | nmod | high | Possessive/objective genitive: rule of the Arcadians. |
| 13 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-AAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb. |
| 14 | ἀρχήν | ἀρχή | NOUN | N--ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἔσχεν. |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 ἔσχεν | punct | high |
ἐπὶ τούτου Δωριεῖς κατιόντας ἐς Πελοπόννησον ὑπὸ ἡγεμόνι Ὕλλῳ τῷ Ἡρακλέους Ἀχαιοὶ περὶ ἰσθμὸν τὸν Κορινθίων κρατοῦσι μάχῃ,
The sentence has a difficult/possibly corrupt sequence ὑπὸ ἡγεμόνι Ὕλλῳ τῷ Ἡρακλέους: ὑπό normally takes a genitive for agency, while ἡγεμόνι and τῷ are dative; the annotation preserves the token morphology and marks the attachment as uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | PREP | _ | 2 τούτου | case | high | Preposition governing τούτου. |
| 2 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | PD-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 17 κρατοῦσι | obl | high | Genitive after ἐπί, temporal or circumstantial. |
| 3 | Δωριεῖς | Δωριεύς | PROPN | NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 κατιόντας | nsubj | high | Subject of κατιόντας understood as a participial clause. |
| 4 | κατιόντας | κάτειμι | VERB | V-PAP-AMP | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 17 κρατοῦσι | csubj | medium | Accusative participle in an accusative-and-infinitive-like construction; form is active present participle. |
| 5 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 Πελοπόννησον | case | high | Preposition governing Πελοπόννησον. |
| 6 | Πελοπόννησον | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | N-AF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 κατιόντας | obl | high | Goal of motion with ἐς. |
| 7 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 ἡγεμόνι | case | high | Preposition governing dative ἡγεμόνι. |
| 8 | ἡγεμόνι | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-DM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 κατιόντας | obl | medium | Dative associated with ὑπό; idiomatic sense ‘under the leadership of’. |
| 9 | Ὕλλῳ | Ὕλλος | PROPN | N-DM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἡγεμόνι | nmod | high | Appositional specification of the leader. |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 Ἡρακλέους | det | high | Article with Ἡρακλέους in a genitive dependent phrase? Morphologically dative; syntactic attachment uncertain. |
| 11 | Ἡρακλέους | Ἡρακλῆς | PROPN | N-GM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 Ὕλλῳ | nmod | low | Form is genitive, but preceding τῷ is morphologically dative and likely corrupt or associated with an omitted/elliptical phrase. |
| 12 | Ἀχαιοὶ | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 17 κρατοῦσι | nsubj | high | Subject of κρατοῦσι. |
| 13 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 ἰσθμὸν | case | high | Preposition governing ἰσθμόν. |
| 14 | ἰσθμὸν | ἰσθμός | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 κρατοῦσι | obl | high | Locative/circumstantial accusative with περί. |
| 15 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 ἰσθμὸν | det | high | Article agreeing with ἰσθμόν. |
| 16 | Κορινθίων | Κορίνθιος | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 ἰσθμὸν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on ἰσθμόν: ‘the Corinthian isthmus’. |
| 17 | κρατοῦσι | κρατέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb. |
| 18 | μάχῃ | μάχη | NOUN | N-DF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 κρατοῦσι | obl | high | Dative of means: ‘in battle’. |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 κρατοῦσι | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
καὶ Ἔχεμος ἀποκτίννυσιν Ὕλλον μονομαχήσαντά οἱ κατὰ πρόκλησιν.
Ἔχεμος is the subject; Ὕλλον is the accusative object, with μονομαχήσαντά agreeing with it as a circumstantial participle. οἱ is a dative pronoun, probably referring to Ἔχεμος and marking the opponent relation with μονομαχήσαντα; κατὰ πρόκλησιν is an adverbial phrase meaning by challenge.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 3 ἀποκτίννυσιν | cc | high | |
| 2 | Ἔχεμος | Ἔχεμος | PROPN | N--SMN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἀποκτίννυσιν | nsubj | high | Personal name. |
| 3 | ἀποκτίννυσιν | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | V-PAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 4 | Ὕλλον | Ὕλλος | PROPN | N--SAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἀποκτίννυσιν | obj | high | Personal name. |
| 5 | μονομαχήσαντά | μονομαχέω | VERB | V-AAP-SAM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 Ὕλλον | acl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Ὕλλον. |
| 6 | οἱ | οἱ | PRON | P-----DSM- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=3 | 5 μονομαχήσαντά | iobj | medium | Dative pronoun; likely the person with whom he fought, though its exact attachment is somewhat uncertain. |
| 7 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R------A- | Case=Acc | 8 πρόκλησιν | case | high | |
| 8 | πρόκλησιν | πρόκλησις | NOUN | N--SAA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 μονομαχήσαντά | obl | high | Prepositional adverbial phrase. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἀποκτίννυσιν | punct | high |
τάδε γὰρ ἐφαίνετο εἰκότα εἶναί μοι μᾶλλον ἢ ὁ πρότερος λόγος, ἐν ᾧ βασιλεύειν τε Ἀχαιῶν τηνικαῦτα Ὀρέστην ἔγραψα καὶ Ὕλλον καὶ Ὀρέστου βασιλεύοντος ἀποπειρᾶσαι καθόδου τῆς ἐς Πελοπόννησον.
The sentence compares the present account with the earlier λόγος; ἐν ᾧ contains ἔγραψα with coordinated infinitives βασιλεύειν and ἀποπειρᾶσαι, while Ὀρέστου βασιλεύοντος is a genitive absolute.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τάδε | ὅδε | PRON | D-P---N | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 3 ἐφαίνετο | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G- | Polarity=Pos | 3 ἐφαίνετο | discourse | high | |
| 3 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνω | VERB | V3S-IIM- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Impersonal φαίνομαι with an infinitival complement. |
| 4 | εἰκότα | εἰκός | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 3 ἐφαίνετο | xcomp | medium | Predicative neuter plural with φαίνετο; can also be analyzed as a substantivized predicate. |
| 5 | εἶναί | εἰμί | AUX | V--PAN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 4 εἰκότα | cop | high | |
| 6 | μοι | ἐγώ | PRON | P1-SD- | Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs | 4 εἰκότα | iobj | high | Dative of opinion/judgment. |
| 7 | μᾶλλον | μάλα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Cmp | 3 ἐφαίνετο | advmod | high | |
| 8 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 μᾶλλον | cc | high | Introduces the comparative complement. |
| 9 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T----MSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 πρότερος | det | high | |
| 10 | πρότερος | πρότερος | ADJ | A-NMS | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 λόγος | amod | high | |
| 11 | λόγος | λόγος | NOUN | N-NMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 μᾶλλον | obl | high | Comparative complement after ἢ. |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | |
| 13 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 14 ᾧ | case | high | |
| 14 | ᾧ | ὅς | PRON | P---DSN- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 20 ἔγραψα | obl | high | Relative pronoun referring to λόγος; ἐν ᾧ introduces the passage/content in which the author wrote. |
| 15 | βασιλεύειν | βασιλεύω | VERB | V--PAN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 20 ἔγραψα | ccomp | high | Infinitive governed by ἔγραψα. |
| 16 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 βασιλεύειν | cc | high | Correlative τε with καί at token 21. |
| 17 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | Ne-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 βασιλεύειν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on βασιλεύειν. |
| 18 | τηνικαῦτα | τηνικαῦτα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 15 βασιλεύειν | advmod | high | |
| 19 | Ὀρέστην | Ὀρέστης | PROPN | Ne-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 βασιλεύειν | obj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 20 | ἔγραψα | γράφω | VERB | V1S-AAI- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 14 ᾧ | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 21 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 βασιλεύειν | cc | high | Coordinates the second infinitival/complementary phrase. |
| 22 | Ὕλλον | Ὕλλος | PROPN | Ne-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 ἀποπειρᾶσαι | obj | medium | Accusative subject of ἀποπειρᾶσαι, with ellipsis of its infinitival subject relation; coordinated with Ὀρέστην in the broader construction. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 Ὀρέστου | cc | high | |
| 24 | Ὀρέστου | Ὀρέστης | PROPN | Ne-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 25 βασιλεύοντος | nsubj | medium | Genitive absolute subject with βασιλεύοντος. |
| 25 | βασιλεύοντος | βασιλεύω | VERB | V--PAPGSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 26 ἀποπειρᾶσαι | advcl | high | Genitive absolute, temporal/circumstantial. |
| 26 | ἀποπειρᾶσαι | ἀποπειράομαι | VERB | V--AMN- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 20 ἔγραψα | conj | high | Second infinitive coordinated with βασιλεύειν; Ὕλλον is its accusative subject. |
| 27 | καθόδου | κάθοδος | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 ἀποπειρᾶσαι | obj | high | Genitive object/complement of ἀποπειρᾶσαι. |
| 28 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 καθόδου | det | high | |
| 29 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 30 Πελοπόννησον | case | high | |
| 30 | Πελοπόννησον | Πελοπόννησος | PROPN | Ne-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 καθόδου | nmod | high | Destination complement of κάθοδος. |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high |
φαίνοιτο δʼ ἂν τῷ ὑστέρῳ τῶν λόγων καὶ Τιμάνδρα συνοικήσασα ἡ Τυνδάρεω τῷ ἀποκτείναντι Ὕλλον Ἐχέμῳ.
The sentence has a compressed appositional construction: Τιμάνδρα and ἡ Τυνδάρεω identify the subject, while τῷ ἀποκτείναντι Ὕλλον Ἐχέμῳ is a dative complement to συνοικήσασα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φαίνοιτο | φαίνω | VERB | V-PAI-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Potential optative with ἄν; middle form, 'would appear'. |
| 2 | δʼ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 φαίνοιτο | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἂν | ἄν | PART | PART | _ | 1 φαίνοιτο | advmod | high | Modal particle with optative. |
| 4 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DDSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ὑστέρῳ | det | high | |
| 5 | ὑστέρῳ | ὕστερος | ADJ | A-DSM | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 φαίνοιτο | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, 'later [part/time]'. |
| 6 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 λόγων | det | high | |
| 7 | λόγων | λόγος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 ὑστέρῳ | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on substantivized ὑστέρῳ. |
| 8 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 Τιμάνδρα | cc | high | Coordinates the preceding temporal/topic phrase with the following subject. |
| 9 | Τιμάνδρα | Τιμάνδρα | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 συνοικήσασα | nsubj | high | Subject of συνοικήσασα, with implied subject of φαίνοιτο. |
| 10 | συνοικήσασα | συνοικέω | VERB | V-AAP-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 φαίνοιτο | advcl | high | Aorist active participle, temporal/circumstantial. |
| 11 | ἡ | ὁ | DET | T-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 Τυνδάρεω | det | high | |
| 12 | Τυνδάρεω | Τυνδάρεως | PROPN | N-NSF | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 συνοικήσασα | nsubj | medium | Appositional/name phrase for Τιμάνδρα; form is a feminine name despite the spelling, and the subject relationship is syntactically compressed. |
| 13 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἀποκτείναντι | det | high | |
| 14 | ἀποκτείναντι | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | V-AAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 16 Ἐχέμῳ | amod | high | Substantivized dative participle, 'the slayer'. |
| 15 | Ὕλλον | Ὕλλος | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἀποκτείναντι | obj | high | Object of ἀποκτείναντι. |
| 16 | Ἐχέμῳ | Ἔχεμος | PROPN | N-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 συνοικήσασα | obl | high | Dative partner/comitative complement of συνοικήσασα, 'with Echemus'. |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 φαίνοιτο | punct | high |