Grammar parses for passage 9.13.3
Open translation for this passage
ὡς δὲ ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Θηβαίων ἐξῆρτο ἤδη πόλεμος καὶ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι δυνάμει καὶ αὑτῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἐπὶ τοὺς Θηβαίους ᾔεσαν,
ὡς introduces a temporal subordinate clause. The first clause has an impersonal/passive-like construction with πόλεμος as subject of ἐξῆρτο; the second coordinated clause has οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι as subject of ᾔεσαν, with δυνάμει governed by ἐπί and coordinated genitives αὑτῶν and τῶν συμμάχων expressing forces/resources. The exact voice and lexical sense of ἐξαίρω here are somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἐξῆρτο | mark | high | Temporal subordinate-clause marker. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 7 ἐξῆρτο | cc | high | Postpositive coordinator. |
| 3 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Λακεδαιμονίων | det | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Θηβαίων | nmod | high | Genitive ethnic name modifying Θηβαίων in the phrase ‘war of Lacedaemonians and Thebans’. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 6 Θηβαίων | cc | high | |
| 6 | Θηβαίων | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 πόλεμος | nmod | high | Genitive complement/possessor with πόλεμος. |
| 7 | ἐξῆρτο | ἐξαίρω | VERB | V3S-IIM/P | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | low | Form and sense are difficult; parsed as 3sg imperfect passive/medio-passive, with πόλεμος as subject. |
| 8 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 ἐξῆρτο | advmod | high | |
| 9 | πόλεμος | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἐξῆρτο | nsubj | medium | Syntactic subject of ἐξῆρτο; semantic construction is somewhat unusual. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 ᾔεσαν | cc | high | Coordinates the following finite clause with the ὡς-clause. |
| 11 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 12 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ᾔεσαν | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | δυνάμει | δύναμις | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ᾔεσαν | obl | medium | Dative of means/force, likely ‘with an army/power’; may be understood with an elided or implicit preposition. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 αὑτῶν | cc | high | |
| 15 | αὑτῶν | ἑαυτοῦ | PRON | P-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|Reflex=Yes | 13 δυνάμει | nmod | medium | Genitive coordinated with τῶν συμμάχων, dependent on δυνάμει in the sense ‘their own [forces]’. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 συμμάχων | cc | high | |
| 17 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 συμμάχων | det | high | |
| 18 | συμμάχων | σύμμαχος | NOUN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 δυνάμει | nmod | high | Coordinated genitive: ‘of the allies’. |
| 19 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | P | _ | 21 Θηβαίους | case | high | With accusative, expresses movement against/toward. |
| 20 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 Θηβαίους | det | high | |
| 21 | Θηβαίους | Θηβαῖος | PROPN | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ᾔεσαν | obl | high | Object of the preposition ἐπί. |
| 22 | ᾔεσαν | εἶμι | VERB | V3P-IIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 7 ἐξῆρτο | conj | high | Finite verb coordinated with ἐξῆρτο within the temporal clause. |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἐξῆρτο | punct | high |
Ἐπαμινώνδας μὲν ἔχων τοῦ στρατοῦ μοῖραν ἀντεκάθητο ὑπὲρ τῆς Κηφισίδος λίμνης ὡς ποιησομένων ταύτῃ Πελοποννησίων τὴν ἐσβολήν,
The genitive absolute ὡς ποιησομένων Πελοποννησίων τὴν ἐσβολήν expresses the anticipated action of the Peloponnesians; ταύτῃ is an adverb meaning “here/in this direction,” and ὑπέρ + genitive means “above/beyond.”
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἐπαμινώνδας | Ἐπαμινώνδας | PROPN | Noun.Nom.Sg.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Part | _ | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | discourse | high | Correlative particle; corresponding δέ is outside this sentence. |
| 3 | ἔχων | ἔχω | VERB | Verb.Pres.Act.Part.Nom.Sg.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Ἐπαμινώνδας. |
| 4 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Art.Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 στρατοῦ | det | high | |
| 5 | στρατοῦ | στρατός | NOUN | Noun.Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 μοῖραν | nmod | high | Partitive genitive with μοῖραν. |
| 6 | μοῖραν | μοῖρα | NOUN | Noun.Acc.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχων | obj | high | |
| 7 | ἀντεκάθητο | ἀντανακάθημαι | VERB | Verb.Impf.Mid.Ind.3Sg | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Lexical form is morphologically imperfect middle; lemma normalization is somewhat uncertain. |
| 8 | ὑπὲρ | ὑπέρ | ADP | Prep.Gen | _ | 11 λίμνης | case | high | |
| 9 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | Art.Gen.Sg.Fem | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 Κηφισίδος | det | high | |
| 10 | Κηφισίδος | Κηφισίς | PROPN | Noun.Gen.Sg.Fem | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 λίμνης | nmod | high | Toponym/adjectival proper name modifying λίμνης. |
| 11 | λίμνης | λίμνη | NOUN | Noun.Gen.Sg.Fem | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | obl | high | Object of ὑπέρ. |
| 12 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | Conj | _ | 13 ποιησομένων | mark | high | Introduces a genitive-absolute clause with prospective sense. |
| 13 | ποιησομένων | ποιέω | VERB | Verb.Fut.Mid.Part.Gen.Pl.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Fut|Voice=Mid | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle; middle voice is lexical/semantic in the construction. |
| 14 | ταύτῃ | οὗτος | ADV | Adv | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ποιησομένων | advmod | medium | Dative-form demonstrative used adverbially, “here/in this direction.” |
| 15 | Πελοποννησίων | Πελοποννήσιος | PROPN | Noun.Gen.Plur.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 13 ποιησομένων | nsubj | high | Genitive-subject of the absolute construction. |
| 16 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | Art.Acc.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 ἐσβολήν | det | high | |
| 17 | ἐσβολήν | ἐσβολή | NOUN | Noun.Acc.Sg.Fem | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 13 ποιησομένων | obj | high | |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ἀντεκάθητο | punct | high |
ἀποκτείνας δὲ Χαιρέαν, ὃς φυλάσσειν διετέτακτο τὰς παρόδους, καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ Θηβαίους, ὑπερέβη καὶ ἐς Λεῦκτρα ἀφικνεῖται τὰ Βοιώτια.
ὃς introduces a relative clause modifying Χαιρέαν; φυλάσσειν is the complementary infinitive with διετέτακτο. ἀφικνεῖται is coordinated with ὑπερέβη and has τὰ Βοιώτια as an accusative goal/destination phrase; Λεῦκτρα is indeclinable plural in apposition or local specification.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀποκτείνας | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | V-PAI-N-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Participle|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 18 ὑπερέβη | advcl | high | Aorist participle, subject understood as the main-clause subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 18 ὑπερέβη | cc | high | |
| 3 | Χαιρέαν | Χαιρέας | PROPN | N-ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 ἀποκτείνας | obj | high | Personal name. |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἀποκτείνας | punct | high | |
| 5 | ὃς | ὅς | PRON | P-NSM-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 7 διετέτακτο | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun referring to Χαιρέαν. |
| 6 | φυλάσσειν | φυλάσσω | VERB | V-PAN- | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 7 διετέτακτο | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive. |
| 7 | διετέτακτο | διατάσσω | VERB | V-LMI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pluperfect|Voice=Middle | 18 ὑπερέβη | acl:relcl | medium | Pluperfect middle/passive; construed as 'had been ordered/assigned'. |
| 8 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | T-APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 παρόδους | det | high | |
| 9 | παρόδους | πάροδος | NOUN | N-APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 φυλάσσειν | obj | high | |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 διετέτακτο | punct | high | |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 12 ἄλλους | cc | high | |
| 12 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ὑπερέβη | obj | high | Coordinates with Χαιρέαν as an object of ἀποκτείνας; substantival adjective. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 16 Θηβαίους | det | high | |
| 14 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | -------- | AdpType=Prep | 15 αὐτῷ | case | high | |
| 15 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DSM-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 16 Θηβαίους | obl | high | Object of σύν. |
| 16 | Θηβαίους | Θηβαῖος | ADJ | A-APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 ἄλλους | amod | high | Substantival adjective, 'Thebans'. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ὑπερέβη | punct | high | |
| 18 | ὑπερέβη | ὑπερβαίνω | VERB | V-2AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 19 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 22 ἀφικνεῖται | cc | high | Coordinates the two finite predicates. |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | -------- | AdpType=Prep | 21 Λεῦκτρα | case | high | |
| 21 | Λεῦκτρα | Λεῦκτρα | PROPN | N-APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 ἀφικνεῖται | obl | high | Place name; indeclinable-looking neuter plural. |
| 22 | ἀφικνεῖται | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | V-PMI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Middle | 18 ὑπερέβη | conj | high | Present historic coordinated with ὑπερέβη. |
| 23 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 24 Βοιώτια | det | high | |
| 24 | Βοιώτια | Βοιώτιος | ADJ | A-APN- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 22 ἀφικνεῖται | obj | medium | Substantival adjective, likely 'the Boeotian [land/territory]'. |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ὑπερέβη | punct | high |