Grammar parses for passage 9.15.2
Open translation for this passage
γεγονυίας δὲ ἐκτὸς Πυλῶν οἱ τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπιτίθεταί σφισιν ἐν δυσχωρίαις λοχήσας ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος·
The sentence is syntactically difficult: γεγονυίας is an accusative absolute-like temporal participle with ἐκτός and Πυλῶν; οἱ is the article substantivizing τῆς δυνάμεως, while Ἀλέξανδρος is the postposed subject of ἐπιτίθεται. λοχήσας is a coordinated/circumstantial participle modifying Ἀλέξανδρος. The form ἐπιτίθεταί appears orthographically accented with final iota, but is analyzed as ἐπιτίθεται.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | γεγονυίας | γίγνομαι | VERB | VPAP-SAF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | advcl | low | Likely temporal/circumstantial perfect active participle; accusative absolute-like construction, though its syntactic attachment is uncertain. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐκτὸς | ἐκτός | ADP | -------- | _ | 4 Πυλῶν | case | high | Preposition governing Πυλῶν. |
| 4 | Πυλῶν | Πύλαι | PROPN | NPFP | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 γεγονυίας | obl | medium | Genitive plural place-name governed by ἐκτός. |
| 5 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | DA | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 δυνάμεως | det | medium | Article substantivizing the genitive phrase τῆς δυνάμεως, probably ‘the men of the force’; exact referent is elliptical. |
| 6 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | DGFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 δυνάμεως | det | high | Article agreeing with δυνάμεως. |
| 7 | δυνάμεως | δύναμις | NOUN | NGFS | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | nsubj | low | Genitive dependent on substantivized οἱ; treated as the subject phrase of ἐπιτίθεται, though the construction is compressed. |
| 8 | ἐπιτίθεταί | ἐπιτίθημι | VERB | V3SPIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Analyzed as ἐπιτίθεται, 3rd singular present middle indicative; accent/token spelling is unusual. |
| 9 | σφισιν | σφεῖς | PRON | RP3PD | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | iobj | high | Third-person plural dative pronoun, recipient/target of the attack. |
| 10 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | -------- | _ | 11 δυσχωρίαις | case | high | Preposition governing δυσχωρίαις. |
| 11 | δυσχωρίαις | δυσχωρία | NOUN | NFPD | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | obl | high | Locative circumstance with ἐν. |
| 12 | λοχήσας | λοχάω | VERB | VPMSNom | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 14 Ἀλέξανδρος | advcl | medium | Aorist active participle, circumstantial, agreeing with Ἀλέξανδρος; possibly ‘having ambushed/ lain in ambush’. |
| 13 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | DNSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 Ἀλέξανδρος | det | high | Article with the proper name. |
| 14 | Ἀλέξανδρος | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | NPMS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | nsubj | high | Postposed nominative subject of ἐπιτίθεται. |
| 15 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐπιτίθεταί | punct | high |
ὡς δὲ ἐφαίνετο ἄπορα εἶναι τὰ τῆς σωτηρίας, οὕτω δὴ ὅ τε λοιπὸς στρατὸς ἡγεμόνα ποιοῦνται τὸν Ἐπαμινώνδαν καὶ οἱ Βοιωτάρχαι παραχωροῦσιν ἑκουσίως τῆς ἀρχῆς·
The opening ὡς...οὕτω clause gives the circumstance prompting the main coordinated actions; ποιοῦνται uses a double-accusative appointment construction, while τῆς ἀρχῆς is a genitive complement with παραχωροῦσιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 3 ἐφαίνετο | mark | high | Comparative/causal subordinating conjunction introducing the ἐφαίνετο clause. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 17 ποιοῦνται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐφαίνετο | φαίνω | VERB | V-IPI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Middle | 17 ποιοῦνται | advcl | high | Impersonal-looking middle/passive verb governing the infinitival clause. |
| 4 | ἄπορα | ἄπορος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nominative|Degree=Positive|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 5 εἶναι | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with εἶναι. |
| 5 | εἶναι | εἰμί | VERB | V-PNA | Mood=Infinitive|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 3 ἐφαίνετο | ccomp | high | Infinitival complement of ἐφαίνετο. |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-NPN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 8 σωτηρίας | det | high | Article substantivizing the phrase τὰ τῆς σωτηρίας. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 8 σωτηρίας | det | high | Article with σωτηρίας. |
| 8 | σωτηρίας | σωτηρία | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 4 ἄπορα | nmod | high | Genitive specifying the matters/means of salvation. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 ἐφαίνετο | punct | high | |
| 10 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | ADV | _ | 17 ποιοῦνται | advmod | high | Correlative adverb, paired with ὡς. |
| 11 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 17 ποιοῦνται | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 12 | ὅ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 15 στρατὸς | det | high | First article of the τε...καί coordinated subject. |
| 13 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 καὶ | cc | high | Correlative coordinator with καί. |
| 14 | λοιπὸς | λοιπός | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nominative|Degree=Positive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 15 στρατὸς | amod | high | Attributive adjective. |
| 15 | στρατὸς | στρατός | NOUN | N-NSM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 17 ποιοῦνται | nsubj | high | Subject of ποιοῦνται. |
| 16 | ἡγεμόνα | ἡγεμών | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 17 ποιοῦνται | obj | high | Predicate object/complement in the double-accusative construction ποιοῦνται τινά ἡγεμόνα. |
| 17 | ποιοῦνται | ποιέω | VERB | V-PMI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Middle | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb; middle voice means ‘make/appoint for themselves’. |
| 18 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 19 Ἐπαμινώνδαν | det | high | Article with the proper name. |
| 19 | Ἐπαμινώνδαν | Ἐπαμεινώνδας | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 17 ποιοῦνται | obj | high | Personal name in the double-accusative appointment construction. |
| 20 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 παραχωροῦσιν | cc | high | Coordinates the second main clause. |
| 21 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 22 Βοιωτάρχαι | det | high | Article substantivizing Βοιωτάρχαι. |
| 22 | Βοιωτάρχαι | Βοιωτάρχης | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 23 παραχωροῦσιν | nsubj | high | Subject of παραχωροῦσιν. |
| 23 | παραχωροῦσιν | παραχωρέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Active | 17 ποιοῦνται | conj | high | Second coordinated finite predicate. |
| 24 | ἑκουσίως | ἑκουσίως | ADV | ADV | _ | 23 παραχωροῦσιν | advmod | high | Manner adverb modifying παραχωροῦσιν. |
| 25 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 26 ἀρχῆς | det | high | Article with ἀρχῆς. |
| 26 | ἀρχῆς | ἀρχή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Genitive|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 23 παραχωροῦσιν | obj | medium | Genitive complement of παραχωροῦσιν, expressing the authority ceded; a partitive/ablatival analysis is also possible. |
| 27 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ποιοῦνται | punct | high |
Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ οὔτε ἔτι ἐθάρρει τὸν πόλεμον στρατηγοῦντα ὁρῶν τοῖς ἐναντίοις Ἐπαμινώνδαν καὶ ἑκὼν Πελοπίδαν ἀφίησιν.
The sentence is compressed: ὁρῶν takes an accusative-and-participial construction (Ἐπαμινώνδαν στρατηγοῦντα), while ἐθάρρει is coordinated/paratactic with ἀφίησιν; the exact relation of the first predicate to the second is somewhat textually elliptical.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ἀλέξανδρος | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | N----MS-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ἐθάρρει | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 ἐθάρρει | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | οὔτε | οὔτε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 ἐθάρρει | cc | high | Correlative negative conjunction; paired with the understood/implicit second οὔτε contextually. |
| 4 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | D-------- | _ | 5 ἐθάρρει | advmod | high | |
| 5 | ἐθάρρει | θαρρέω | VERB | V-IIMIA3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 16 ἀφίησιν | parataxis | medium | Imperfect with οὔτε; coordinated/paratactic with the following finite verb. |
| 6 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | S----MA-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 πόλεμον | det | high | |
| 7 | πόλεμον | πόλεμος | NOUN | N----MA-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 στρατηγοῦντα | obj | medium | Accusative associated with στρατηγοῦντα, likely 'conducting the war'. |
| 8 | στρατηγοῦντα | στρατηγέω | VERB | V-PAPM-SMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 ὁρῶν | advcl | medium | Accusative participle agreeing with Ἐπαμινώνδαν; its precise attachment is syntactically compressed. |
| 9 | ὁρῶν | ὁράω | VERB | V-PAPMSNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 5 ἐθάρρει | advcl | high | Subject is Ἀλέξανδρος. |
| 10 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | S----ND-- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 ἐναντίοις | det | high | |
| 11 | ἐναντίοις | ἐναντίος | ADJ | A----ND-P | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 9 ὁρῶν | obl | medium | Substantivized dative plural: 'the opponents/adversaries'; dependent on ὁρῶν. |
| 12 | Ἐπαμινώνδαν | Ἐπαμινώνδας | PROPN | N----MA-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 στρατηγοῦντα | obj | high | Accusative subject of the participle στρατηγοῦντα. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 15 Πελοπίδαν | cc | high | |
| 14 | ἑκὼν | ἑκών | ADJ | A----MSN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀφίησιν | advmod | high | Predicative adjective used adverbially, agreeing with Ἀλέξανδρος: 'willingly'. |
| 15 | Πελοπίδαν | Πελοπίδας | PROPN | N----MA-- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀφίησιν | obj | high | Second object of ἀφίησιν, coordinated with the preceding object understood from context. |
| 16 | ἀφίησιν | ἀφίημι | VERB | V-PIAI3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 ἀφίησιν | punct | high |