Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 9.21.2

← 9.21.1 9.21.3 →

Passage 9.21.2

Open translation for this passage

3sentences parsed

77Greek tokens

2,416input tokens

5,459output tokens

Sentence 1

9.21.2 sentence 1

Tokens: 40
Input: 986
Output: 2,889
Total: 3,875

εἶδον δὲ καὶ ταύρους τούς τε Αἰθιοπικούς, οὓς ἐπὶ τῷ συμβεβηκότι ὀνομάζουσι ῥινόκερως, ὅτι σφίσιν ἐπʼ ἄκρᾳ τῇ ῥινὶ ἓν ἑκάστῳ κέρας καὶ ἄλλο ὑπὲρ αὐτὸ οὐ μέγα, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν κέρατά ἐστι,

The syntax is a main verb with a relative clause and an embedded ὅτι causal clause; the final ἐστι is existential/coplanar with coordinated nominal complements, with some ambiguity in the accusative/nominal analysis of ἄλλο μέγα and ἑκάστῳ.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	εἶδον	ὁράω	VERB	VAAI1P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=1\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Main verb of perception.
2	δὲ	δέ	PART	G	_	1 εἶδον	discourse	high	Postpositive connective.
3	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	COORD	_	4 ταύρους	cc	high	Coordinates the object with an implied previous item.
4	ταύρους	ταῦρος	NOUN	NASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	1 εἶδον	obj	high	Direct object of εἶδον.
5	τούς	ὁ	DET	RA-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	4 ταύρους	det	high	Article with ταύρους.
6	τε	τε	PART	G	_	4 ταύρους	advmod	medium	Enclitic connective; likely links coordinated modifiers.
7	Αἰθιοπικούς	Αἰθιοπικός	ADJ	A--APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	4 ταύρους	amod	high	Attributive adjective modifying ταύρους.
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	4 ταύρους	punct	high	Punctuation.
9	οὓς	ὅς	PRON	RR-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Rel	13 ὀνομάζουσι	obj	high	Relative pronoun referring to ταύρους.
10	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R	_	12 συμβεβηκότι	case	high	Preposition governing τῷ συμβεβηκότι.
11	τῷ	ὁ	DET	RA-DSN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	12 συμβεβηκότι	det	high	Article with participle.
12	συμβεβηκότι	συμβαίνω	VERB	V-RPAPD-N	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Perf\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	10 ἐπὶ	obl	high	Substantivized participle in prepositional phrase.
13	ὀνομάζουσι	ὀνομάζω	VERB	VPAI3P	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	9 οὓς	acl:relcl	high	Verb of the relative clause.
14	ῥινόκερως	ῥινόκερως	NOUN	N-S---MN-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	13 ὀνομάζουσι	obj	medium	Likely predicative name/label in apposition-like use; morphology slightly uncertain.
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	13 ὀνομάζουσι	punct	high	Punctuation.
16	ὅτι	ὅτι	SCONJ	C	_	1 εἶδον	mark	high	Introduces causal explanation.
17	σφίσιν	σφεῖς	PRON	P-3PD--D-	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|PronType=Prs	39 ἐστι	iobj	high	Dative of possession/interest with ἐστι.
18	ἐπʼ	ἐπί	ADP	R	_	21 ῥινὶ	case	high	Preposition with ῥινί.
19	ἄκρᾳ	ἄκρος	ADJ	A-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	21 ῥινὶ	amod	high	Attributive adjective modifying ῥινί.
20	τῇ	ὁ	DET	RA-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	21 ῥινὶ	det	high	Article with ῥινί.
21	ῥινὶ	ῥίς	NOUN	N-DSF---	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	24 κέρας	obl	high	Object of prepositional phrase ἐπʼ ἄκρᾳ τῇ ῥινί.
22	ἓν	εἷς	NUM	A-S---NA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	24 κέρας	nummod	high	Numeral modifying κέρας.
23	ἑκάστῳ	ἕκαστος	DET	A-DSN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	24 κέρας	det	medium	Likely datival modifier in apposition/semantic relation; exact syntax uncertain.
24	κέρας	κέρας	NOUN	N-NSN---	Case=Nom\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	39 ἐστι	nsubj	high	Subject of ἐστι.
25	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	COORD	_	26 ἄλλο	cc	high	Coordinates second horn phrase.
26	ἄλλο	ἄλλος	ADJ	A-S---NA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	24 κέρας	conj	high	Second coordinated nominal element modifying κέρας.
27	ὑπὲρ	ὑπέρ	ADP	R	_	28 αὐτὸ	case	high	Preposition with αὐτό.
28	αὐτὸ	αὐτός	PRON	A-S---NA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	30 μέγα	obl	high	Object of preposition, referring to the first horn.
29	οὐ	οὐ	PART	D	_	30 μέγα	advmod	high	Negator.
30	μέγα	μέγας	ADJ	A-S---NA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	26 ἄλλο	conj	medium	Elliptical predicate/complement for ἄλλο; case may be accusative by attraction.
31	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	39 ἐστι	punct	high	Punctuation.
32	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	R	_	35 κεφαλῆς	case	high	Preposition with κεφαλῆς.
33	δὲ	δέ	PART	G	_	32 ἐπὶ	discourse	high	Postpositive connective.
34	τῆς	ὁ	DET	RA-GSF	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	35 κεφαλῆς	det	high	Article with κεφαλῆς.
35	κεφαλῆς	κεφαλή	NOUN	N-GSF---	Case=Gen\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	39 ἐστι	obl	high	Prepositional oblique.
36	οὐδὲ	οὐδέ	CCONJ	G	_	38 κέρατά	cc	high	Negative additive coordinator.
37	ἀρχὴν	ἀρχή	NOUN	N-ASF---	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	38 κέρατά	advmod	medium	Adverbial accusative 'at all / in any respect'.
38	κέρατά	κέρας	NOUN	N-APN---	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Plur	39 ἐστι	obj	high	Accusative object/predicate complement in existential clause.
39	ἐστι	εἰμί	AUX	V-PAI3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|Voice=Act	1 εἶδον	ccomp	high	Copular/existential predicate of the causal clause.
40	,	,	PUNCT	_	_	1 εἶδον	punct	high	Punctuation.

Sentence 2

9.21.2 sentence 2

Tokens: 30
Input: 800
Output: 1,975
Total: 2,775

καὶ τοὺς ἐκ Παιόνων---οὗτοι δὲ οἱ ἐκ Παιόνων ἔς τε τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα δασεῖς καὶ ἀμφὶ τὸ στέρνον μάλιστά εἰσι καὶ τὴν γένυν---

The sentence is fragmented by editorial dashes; the second clause is parsed with εἰσι as the main predicate and the final accusative phrase γένυν as an elliptical parallel complement.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	24 εἰσι	cc	high	Coordinating conjunction linking predicates.
2	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	8 οὗτοι	det	high	Article introducing a resumptive phrase.
3	ἐκ	ἐκ	ADP	_	_	4 Παιόνων	case	high	Preposition governing Παιόνων.
4	Παιόνων	Παίονες	PROPN	_	Case=Gen\|Number=Plur	2 τοὺς	nmod	high	Genitive complement of ἐκ.
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	8 οὗτοι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	8 οὗτοι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.
7	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	8 οὗτοι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.
8	οὗτοι	οὗτος	PRON	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Dem	24 εἰσι	nsubj	high	Demonstrative pronoun, subject of εἰσι.
9	δὲ	δέ	PART	_	_	8 οὗτοι	discourse	high	Postpositive discourse particle.
10	οἱ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Nom\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	12 Παιόνων	det	high	Article modifying implied/nominalized ethnonym.
11	ἐκ	ἐκ	ADP	_	_	12 Παιόνων	case	high	Preposition governing Παιόνων.
12	Παιόνων	Παίονες	PROPN	_	Case=Gen\|Number=Plur	8 οὗτοι	nmod	high	Attributive genitive phrase modifying οἱ.
13	ἔς	εἰς	ADP	_	_	17 σῶμα	case	high	Preposition with τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα.
14	τε	τε	PART	_	_	13 ἔς	advmod	medium	Enclitic connective; relation somewhat uncertain.
15	τὸ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	17 σῶμα	det	high	Article modifying σῶμα.
16	ἄλλο	ἄλλος	ADJ	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	17 σῶμα	amod	high	Adjectival modifier of σῶμα.
17	σῶμα	σῶμα	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	18 δασεῖς	obl	high	Object of prepositional phrase depending on the adjective 'δασεῖς'.
18	δασεῖς	δασύς	ADJ	_	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	24 εἰσι	xcomp	medium	Predicative adjective with εἰσι; case could also be influenced by ellipsis/
19	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	24 εἰσι	cc	high	Coordinating conjunction.
20	ἀμφὶ	ἀμφί	ADP	_	_	22 στέρνον	case	high	Preposition governing στέρνον.
21	τὸ	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	22 στέρνον	det	high	Article modifying στέρνον.
22	στέρνον	στέρνον	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	24 εἰσι	obl	high	Prepositional oblique with ἀμφί.
23	μάλιστά	μάλιστα	ADV	_	_	24 εἰσι	advmod	high	Degree adverb modifying εἰσι.
24	εἰσι	εἰμί	VERB	_	Mood=Ind\|Number=Plur\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Main finite verb.
25	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	_	_	24 εἰσι	cc	high	Coordinates the final phrase.
26	τὴν	ὁ	DET	_	Case=Acc\|Definite=Def\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	27 γένυν	det	high	Article modifying γένυν.
27	γένυν	γένυς	NOUN	_	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	24 εἰσι	obl	medium	Parallel oblique phrase; syntax abbreviated/elliptical.
28	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	24 εἰσι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.
29	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	24 εἰσι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.
30	-	-	PUNCT	_	_	24 εἰσι	punct	high	Dash punctuation.

Sentence 3

9.21.2 sentence 3

Tokens: 7
Input: 630
Output: 595
Total: 1,225

καμήλους τε Ἰνδικὰς χρῶμα εἰκασμένας παρδάλεσιν.

Elliptical participial construction: the participle εἰκασμένας functions as the main predication, with accusative phrase καμήλους τε Ἰνδικὰς and χρῶμα specifying the comparison to παρδάλεσιν.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καμήλους	καμήλος	NOUN	N-APF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	5 εἰκασμένας	obj	high	Object of implied comparison/apposition with participle.
2	τε	τε	PART	PTCL	_	1 καμήλους	discourse	high	Enclitic connective particle.
3	Ἰνδικὰς	Ἰνδικός	ADJ	A-APF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	1 καμήλους	amod	high	Attributive adjective modifying καμήλους.
4	χρῶμα	χρῶμα	NOUN	N-ASN	Case=Acc\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	5 εἰκασμένας	obj	medium	Likely accusative of respect/specification with εἰκασμένας.
5	εἰκασμένας	εἴκω	VERB	V-RPP-APF	Aspect=Perf\|Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Past\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	0 ROOT	root	high	Main participial predicate in ellipsis.
6	παρδάλεσιν	παρδάλις	NOUN	N-DPF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Plur	5 εἰκασμένας	obl	high	Dative of comparison with εἰκασμένας.
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	5 εἰκασμένας	punct	high	Sentence-final punctuation.

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