Grammar parses for passage 9.28.3
Open translation for this passage
τούτου μὲν τοιαῦτα ἤκουσα·
τούτου is best read as a genitive of reference ('about this'); τοιαῦτα is a substantive neuter plural object of ἤκουσα.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτου | οὗτος | PRON | PD-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem | 4 ἤκουσα | obl | high | Genitive of reference/topic: 'concerning this'. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | 完全 | _ | 4 ἤκουσα | discourse | high | Correlative particle, with no following δέ in this sentence. |
| 3 | τοιαῦτα | τοιοῦτος | PRON | PD-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 4 ἤκουσα | obj | high | Neuter plural accusative substantive, object of ἤκουσα. |
| 4 | ἤκουσα | ἀκούω | VERB | V-AIA-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active indicative, first-person singular. |
| 5 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἤκουσα | punct | high |
ἐν δὲ τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ Ἀράβων ὅσοι τῶν ἔχεων περὶ τὰ δένδρα τὰ πάλσαμα οἰκοῦσι, τοιάδε ἄλλα ἐς αὐτοὺς συμβαίνοντα οἶδα.
The relative clause headed by ὅσοι is attached to the substantivized neuter plural participial phrase τοιάδε ἄλλα ... συμβαίνοντα, which functions as the object/content of οἶδα; the exact relation of πάλσαμα to δένδρα is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 4 χώρᾳ | case | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 22 οἶδα | cc | high | |
| 3 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 χώρᾳ | det | high | |
| 4 | χώρᾳ | χώρα | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 οἶδα | obl | high | |
| 5 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 Ἀράβων | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἀράβων | Ἄραβες | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 χώρᾳ | nmod | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 7 | ὅσοι | ὅσος | PRON | P-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 οἰκοῦσι | nsubj | high | Correlative relative pronoun, subject of οἰκοῦσι. |
| 8 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἔχεων | det | high | |
| 9 | ἔχεων | ἔχις | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ὅσοι | nmod | medium | Genitive partitive with ὅσοι. |
| 10 | περὶ | περί | ADP | PREP | _ | 12 δένδρα | case | high | |
| 11 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 δένδρα | det | high | |
| 12 | δένδρα | δένδρον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 οἰκοῦσι | obl | high | |
| 13 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | T-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 14 πάλσαμα | det | high | |
| 14 | πάλσαμα | πάλσαμον | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 δένδρα | appos | medium | Likely appositional name/specification for the trees; orthography and exact lexical analysis are uncertain. |
| 15 | οἰκοῦσι | οἰκέω | VERB | V-PAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 21 συμβαίνοντα | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 οἰκοῦσι | punct | high | |
| 17 | τοιάδε | τοιόσδε | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 18 ἄλλα | amod | high | Substantivized adjective modifying ἄλλα. |
| 18 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 21 συμβαίνοντα | obj | medium | Substantivized neuter plural object of οἶδα; construction is continued by the participle. |
| 19 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 20 αὐτοὺς | case | high | |
| 20 | αὐτοὺς | αὐτός | PRON | P-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 21 συμβαίνοντα | obl | high | |
| 21 | συμβαίνοντα | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-PAP-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 22 οἶδα | obj | medium | Neuter plural participle agreeing with substantivized ἄλλα; predicative/content complement associated with οἶδα. |
| 22 | οἶδα | οἶδα | VERB | V-RAI-1S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 23 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 22 οἶδα | punct | high |
μέγεθος μὲν κατὰ μυρσίνης θάμνον τὰ πάλσαμά ἐστι, φύλλα δὲ αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὴν πόαν τὸ σάμψουχον·
Copular nominal clauses: μέγεθος is fronted subject/predicate with ἐστι; τὰ πάλσαμα is the first nominal predicate, while φύλλα is coordinated subject/topic and τὸ σάμψουχον its predicate. The forms πόαν and μυρσίνης are accusative objects of κατά; αὐτοῖς is dative of possession/reference. Exact syntactic attachment of the first μέγεθος is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | μέγεθος | μέγεθος | NOUN | n-s---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ἐστι | nsubj | medium | Neuter singular subject/topic of the copular clause; nominative form. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | d-------- | _ | 1 μέγεθος | discourse | high | Correlative particle, balancing δέ. |
| 3 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | r-------- | _ | 4 μυρσίνης | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 4 | μυρσίνης | μυρσίνη | NOUN | n-s---ga- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 θάμνον | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on θάμνον, within the comparison phrase; κατά does not govern this form directly. |
| 5 | θάμνον | θάμνος | NOUN | n-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 μέγεθος | obl | medium | Accusative of comparison/measure with κατά; μυρσίνης is its dependent genitive. |
| 6 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | l-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 7 πάλσαμά | det | high | Article agreeing with neuter plural πάλσαμα. |
| 7 | πάλσαμά | πάλσαμον | NOUN | n-p---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 ἐστι | xcomp | medium | Neuter plural nominal predicate with ἐστι; accent reflects enclitic context. |
| 8 | ἐστι | εἰμί | AUX | v3spia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Copular root. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐστι | punct | high | |
| 10 | φύλλα | φύλλον | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 17 σάμψουχον | nsubj | medium | Subject/topic of the second nominal clause, with copula understood from ἐστι. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | c-------- | _ | 10 φύλλα | cc | high | Coordinating/contrastive particle corresponding to μέν. |
| 12 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | p-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 10 φύλλα | iobj | medium | Dative of possession/reference; gender is morphologically masculine or neuter, with neuter referent possible. |
| 13 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | r-------- | _ | 15 πόαν | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 14 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 15 πόαν | det | high | Article agreeing with πόαν. |
| 15 | πόαν | πόα | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 φύλλα | obl | high | Accusative object of κατά, indicating comparison/resemblance. |
| 16 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | l-s---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 σάμψουχον | det | high | Article agreeing with neuter singular σάμψουχον. |
| 17 | σάμψουχον | σάμψουχον | NOUN | n-s---nn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 10 φύλλα | xcomp | medium | Nominal predicate of the second clause; lexical item may be a botanical loanword. |
| 18 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 ἐστι | punct | high |
ἔχεων δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ κατὰ ποσοὺς καὶ πλείονες καὶ ἐλάσσονες ὑπὸ ἕκαστον αὐλίζονται δένδρον· τροφὴ γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὁ τῶν παλσάμων ἐστὶν ὀπὸς ἡδίστη, καὶ ἔτι καὶ ἄλλως τῇ σκιᾷ τῶν φυτῶν χαίρουσιν.
The opening quantity phrase and the sequence ὁ τῶν παλσάμων ὀπός contain apparent case/gender or textual irregularities; these are represented conservatively without normalization.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἔχεων | ἔχις | NOUN | N-GEN-PL | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 αὐλίζονται | nsubj | medium | Genitive plural subject of ὑπὸ ... αὐλίζονται; form is dialectal/variant. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 αὐλίζονται | cc | high | |
| 3 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GEN-PL | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἔχεων | det | high | |
| 4 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 Ἀραβίᾳ | case | high | |
| 5 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DAT-SG | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 Ἀραβίᾳ | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἀραβίᾳ | Ἀραβία | PROPN | N-DAT-SG | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 ἐν | obl | high | |
| 7 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | PREP | _ | 8 ποσοὺς | case | high | |
| 8 | ποσοὺς | πόσος | PRON | PI-ACC-PL | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 αὐλίζονται | obl | medium | Accusative quantity expression, likely distributive/indefinite. |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 10 πλείονες | cc | high | |
| 10 | πλείονες | πολύς | ADJ | A-NOM-PL-CMP | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ποσοὺς | conj | medium | Comparative adjective in a coordinated quantity phrase; case relationship is syntactically irregular. |
| 11 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 ἐλάσσονες | cc | high | |
| 12 | ἐλάσσονες | ἐλάσσων | ADJ | A-NOM-PL-CMP | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 πλείονες | conj | medium | Comparative adjective coordinated with πλείονες; apparent nominative is textually/syntactically difficult. |
| 13 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 14 ἕκαστον | case | high | |
| 14 | ἕκαστον | ἕκαστος | DET | A-ACC-SG-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 δένδρον | det | high | With δένδρον, functioning as an attributive determiner. |
| 15 | αὐλίζονται | αὐλίζω | VERB | V-PRS-MID-3PL | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | δένδρον | δένδρον | NOUN | N-ACC-SG-N | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 15 αὐλίζονται | obl | high | Object of ὑπό in the locative sense 'under each tree'. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 αὐλίζονται | punct | high | |
| 18 | τροφὴ | τροφή | NOUN | N-NOM-SG-F | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 25 ὀπὸς | nsubj | high | |
| 19 | γὰρ | γάρ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 24 ἐστὶν | cc | high | |
| 20 | αὐτοῖς | αὐτός | PRON | P-DAT-PL-M | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ὀπὸς | iobj | high | Dative of reference/possession: 'for them'. |
| 21 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NOM-SG-M | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 παλσάμων | det | medium | Article in the genitive phrase τῶν παλσάμων; apparent gender mismatch with ὀπός may reflect textual issue. |
| 22 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GEN-PL-M | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 23 παλσάμων | det | high | |
| 23 | παλσάμων | παλσάμη | NOUN | N-GEN-PL-M | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 ὀπὸς | nmod | medium | Plant name; spelling and gender are uncertain. |
| 24 | ἐστὶν | εἰμί | AUX | V-PRS-ACT-3SG | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 25 ὀπὸς | cop | high | |
| 25 | ὀπὸς | ὀπός | NOUN | N-NOM-SG-M | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 τροφὴ | appos | medium | Predicate noun agreeing with τροφή in the copular clause; gender mismatch may be textual or semantic. |
| 26 | ἡδίστη | ἡδύς | ADJ | A-NOM-SG-SUP-F | Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 18 τροφὴ | amod | high | |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 τροφὴ | punct | high | |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 36 χαίρουσιν | cc | high | |
| 29 | ἔτι | ἔτι | ADV | ADV | _ | 36 χαίρουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 30 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 31 ἄλλως | cc | high | |
| 31 | ἄλλως | ἄλλως | ADV | ADV | _ | 36 χαίρουσιν | advmod | high | |
| 32 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DAT-SG-F | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 33 σκιᾷ | det | high | |
| 33 | σκιᾷ | σκιά | NOUN | N-DAT-SG-F | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 36 χαίρουσιν | obl | high | Dative of means or object with χαίρω. |
| 34 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GEN-PL-N | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 35 φυτῶν | det | high | |
| 35 | φυτῶν | φυτόν | NOUN | N-GEN-PL-N | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 33 σκιᾷ | nmod | high | |
| 36 | χαίρουσιν | χαίρω | VERB | V-PRS-ACT-3PL | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 αὐλίζονται | conj | high | |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 36 χαίρουσιν | punct | high |