Grammar parses for passage 1.13.3
Open translation for this passage
Πύρρος ἀπὸ θρασέων ἐκρέμασεν Γαλατᾶν, πάντα τὸν Ἀντιγόνου καθελὼν στρατόν.
The phrase ἀπὸ θρασέων is taken as a prepositional adjunct, probably expressing the manner/source of the hanging; καθελών is a circumstantial aorist participle agreeing with Πύρρος, with στρατόν as its object and πάντα attributive to στρατόν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Πύρρος | Πύρρος | PROPN | N-----NS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | nsubj | high | |
| 2 | ἀπὸ | ἀπό | ADP | P---G---- | _ | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | obl | medium | Exact semantic force of the prepositional phrase is somewhat uncertain. |
| 3 | θρασέων | θρασύς | ADJ | A---GP--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 ἀπὸ | case | medium | Genitive plural adjective used substantivally; lexical/elliptical interpretation is uncertain. |
| 4 | ἐκρέμασεν | ἐκκρεμάννυμι | VERB | V--IAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 5 | Γαλατᾶν | Γαλατᾶς | PROPN | N----AS- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | obj | high | Proper name, accusative singular. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | punct | high | |
| 7 | πάντα | πᾶς | DET | A----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 στρατόν | det | high | Attributive/quantificational modifier of στρατόν. |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 στρατόν | det | high | |
| 9 | Ἀντιγόνου | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | N---GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 στρατόν | nmod | high | |
| 10 | καθελὼν | καθαιρέω | VERB | V-2AAPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle agreeing with Πύρρος. |
| 11 | στρατόν | στρατός | NOUN | N----ASM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 καθελὼν | obj | high | |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐκρέμασεν | punct | high |
οὐ μέγα θαῦμα·
Elliptical nominal sentence: οὐ modifies μέγα, with θαῦμα understood as the predicated subject or topic; the copula is omitted.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | οὐ | οὐ | PART | D-------- | _ | 2 μέγα | advmod | high | Negative particle modifying the adjective. |
| 2 | μέγα | μέγας | ADJ | A-S---NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 θαῦμα | amod | high | Neuter singular adjective agreeing with θαῦμα; predicative force in the elliptical clause. |
| 3 | θαῦμα | θαῦμα | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Nominal predicate/topic of an elliptical clause with omitted εἰμί. |
| 4 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 3 θαῦμα | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
αἰχματαὶ καὶ νῦν καὶ πάρος Αἰακίδαι.
Nominal verbless clause: αἰχματαί and Αἰακίδαι are nominative plural predicates/subject-like expressions, with καὶ νῦν καὶ πάρος forming a coordinated temporal adverbial phrase; the copula is omitted.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αἰχματαὶ | αἰχματής | NOUN | N--MPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 0 ROOT | root | high | Nominative plural predicate noun in a verbless clause. |
| 2 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 3 νῦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | νῦν | νῦν | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 1 αἰχματαὶ | advmod | high | Temporal adverb, coordinated with πάρος. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 5 πάρος | cc | high | |
| 5 | πάρος | πάρος | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 1 αἰχματαὶ | advmod | high | Temporal adverb meaning formerly/in former times; coordinated with νῦν. |
| 6 | Αἰακίδαι | Αἰακίδης | PROPN | NeMp | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 αἰχματαὶ | nsubj | high | Patronymic proper noun, nominative plural; subject-like nominal of the verbless clause. |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 αἰχματαὶ | punct | high |
τούτους μὲν δὴ ἐνταῦθα, τῷ δὲ ἐν Δωδώνῃ Διὶ Μακεδόνων ἀνέθηκεν αὐτῶν τὰς ἀσπίδας.
Elliptical contrast: τούτους refers to the previously mentioned men/objects and is the accusative object of an unexpressed verb understood from ἀνέθηκεν; τῷ ... Διί is the dative recipient, while αὐτῶν modifies τὰς ἀσπίδας.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | RD----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | obj | medium | Accusative demonstrative, with ellipsis of the verb in the first coordinated phrase; understood as object of ἀνέθηκεν. |
| 2 | μὲν | μέν | PART | G--------- | _ | 1 τούτους | discourse | high | Correlative particle introducing contrast with δέ. |
| 3 | δὴ | δή | PART | G--------- | _ | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | discourse | high | Emphatic particle. |
| 4 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D--------- | PronType=Dem | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | advmod | high | Deictic locative adverb, ‘here’. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | punct | high | |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | RA----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 10 Διὶ | det | high | Article agreeing with Διί. |
| 7 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | G--------- | _ | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | cc | high | Contrastive coordinator paired with μέν. |
| 8 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 Δωδώνῃ | case | high | |
| 9 | Δωδώνῃ | Δωδώνη | PROPN | NE----DSF- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 10 Διὶ | obl | high | Locative complement of ἐν. |
| 10 | Διὶ | Ζεύς | PROPN | NE----DSM- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | iobj | high | Dative recipient, ‘to Zeus’; irregular dative of Ζεύς. |
| 11 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | NE----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀσπίδας | nmod:poss | high | Genitive possessor, ‘of the Macedonians’. |
| 12 | ἀνέθηκεν | ἀνατίθημι | VERB | VAAI3S | Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist active indicative; subject is implicit from context. XPOS tense code is conventional but may vary by scheme. |
| 13 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | RP----GPM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Prs | 15 ἀσπίδας | nmod:poss | high | Genitive possessor, ‘their’. |
| 14 | τὰς | ὁ | DET | RA----APF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 15 ἀσπίδας | det | high | |
| 15 | ἀσπίδας | ἀσπίς | NOUN | N-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | obj | high | Accusative direct object of ἀνέθηκεν. |
| 16 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἀνέθηκεν | punct | high |
ἐπιγέγραπται δὲ καὶ ταύταις·
The perfect passive ἐπιγέγραπται is the root; ταύταις is a dative demonstrative, likely referring to feminine plural objects understood from context and functioning as an indirect object or dative of reference. The exact syntactic nuance of the dative is somewhat uncertain.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπιγέγραπται | ἐπιγράφω | VERB | V3SPIA | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Perf|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 ἐπιγέγραπται | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | ADV | _ | 1 ἐπιγέγραπται | advmod | high | |
| 4 | ταύταις | οὗτος | PRON | RD-DPF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 1 ἐπιγέγραπται | iobj | medium | Dative demonstrative; may alternatively be analyzed as dative of reference depending on the wider context. |
| 5 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἐπιγέγραπται | punct | high |
νῦν δὲ Διὸς ναῶ ποτὶ κίονας ὀρφανὰ κεῖται τᾶς μεγαλαυχήτω σκῦλα Μακεδονίας.
The sentence has a locative setting ‘by the columns of Zeus’ and a fronted subject: ‘now the spoils of boastful Macedonia lie orphaned.’ τᾶς μεγαλαυχήτω is treated as a genitive singular feminine modifier of Μακεδονίας, with nonstandard/dialectal form and uncertain accentuation.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | νῦν | νῦν | ADV | ADV | PronType=Dem | 8 κεῖται | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 8 κεῖται | cc | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Διὸς | Ζεύς | PROPN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 ναῶ | nmod | high | Genitive singular of Ζεύς. |
| 4 | ναῶ | ναός | NOUN | N--GSM- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 κίονας | nmod | medium | Doric/poetic genitive singular; governs the locative phrase. |
| 5 | ποτὶ | πρός | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 κίονας | case | high | Doric form of πρός. |
| 6 | κίονας | κίων | NOUN | N--APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 κεῖται | obl | high | Object of ποτί in a locative/directional phrase. |
| 7 | ὀρφανὰ | ὀρφανός | ADJ | A--NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 11 σκῦλα | amod | high | Predicative adjective agreeing with σκῦλα. |
| 8 | κεῖται | κεῖμαι | VERB | V3SPIA- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Singular verb with neuter plural subject, as common in Greek. |
| 9 | τᾶς | ὁ | DET | L--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 12 Μακεδονίας | det | high | Doric article. |
| 10 | μεγαλαυχήτω | μεγαλαύχητος | ADJ | A--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 Μακεδονίας | amod | low | Form is dialectal or textually difficult; interpreted as a feminine genitive singular adjective modifying Μακεδονίας. |
| 11 | σκῦλα | σκῦλον | NOUN | N--NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 8 κεῖται | nsubj | high | Neuter plural subject. |
| 12 | Μακεδονίας | Μακεδονία | PROPN | N--GSF- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 σκῦλα | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on σκῦλα, ‘spoils of Macedonia’. |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 κεῖται | punct | high |
Πύρρῳ δὲ Μακεδόνας ἐς ἅπαν μὴ καταστρέψασθαι παρʼ ὀλίγον ὅμως ἥκοντι ἐγένετο Κλεώνυμος αἴτιος,
Main clause: Κλεώνυμος is the subject and αἴτιος the predicate nominative of ἐγένετο; the dative Πύρρῳ marks the person concerned. The infinitive καταστρέψασθαι is complementary to the implied circumstance of ὀλίγον/παρʼ ὀλίγον, with Μακεδόνας as its object; ἥκοντι is a dative participle agreeing with Πύρρῳ and modifies the circumstance of his arrival. The exact attachment of παρʼ ὀλίγον and ὅμως is somewhat idiomatic.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Πύρρῳ | Πύρρος | PROPN | Nb-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | Dative of the person concerned with ἐγένετο; also controls the agreeing participle ἥκοντι. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 12 ἐγένετο | cc | high | |
| 3 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | Nb-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 καταστρέψασθαι | obj | high | Object of the infinitive καταστρέψασθαι. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 5 ἅπαν | case | high | |
| 5 | ἅπαν | ἅπας | ADJ | A-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 7 καταστρέψασθαι | obl | medium | Adverbialized neuter accusative, ‘altogether/in all’; its precise scope is idiomatic. |
| 6 | μὴ | μή | PART | G-------- | _ | 7 καταστρέψασθαι | advmod | high | Negative particle governing the infinitive. |
| 7 | καταστρέψασθαι | καταστρέφω | VERB | V--AMN--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 12 ἐγένετο | xcomp | medium | Complementary infinitive; the idiomatic construction expresses that conquering the Macedonians almost did not occur. |
| 8 | παρʼ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 9 ὀλίγον | case | high | Elided form of παρά before ὀλίγον. |
| 9 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADJ | A-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐγένετο | advmod | medium | Accusative in the idiom παρʼ ὀλίγον, ‘by a little/nearly’; attachment is adverbial. |
| 10 | ὅμως | ὅμως | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 ἐγένετο | advmod | high | Concessive/adversative adverb, ‘nevertheless’. |
| 11 | ἥκοντι | ἥκω | VERB | V--PMPmd- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 1 Πύρρῳ | advcl | medium | Present active participle in the dative, agreeing with Πύρρῳ; temporal/concessive circumstantial force. |
| 12 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V3SAMI--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | Κλεώνυμος | Κλεώνυμος | PROPN | Nb-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγένετο. |
| 14 | αἴτιος | αἴτιος | ADJ | A-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἐγένετο | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with ἐγένετο, agreeing with Κλεώνυμος. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἐγένετο | punct | high |