Grammar parses for passage 1.16.1
Open translation for this passage
ἀνδριάντες δὲ χαλκοῖ κεῖνται πρὸ μὲν τῆς στοᾶς Σόλων ὁ τοὺς νόμους Ἀθηναίοις γράψας, ὀλίγον δὲ ἀπωτέρω Σέλευκος, ᾧ καὶ πρότερον ἐγένετο ἐς τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν τὴν μέλλουσαν σημεῖα οὐκ ἀφανῆ.
The sentence has a straightforward first clause, but the final relative clause is syntactically compressed; ἐγένετο likely takes εἰς + acc and a predicate/object phrase with σημεῖα οὐκ ἀφανῆ.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἀνδριάντες | ἀνδριάς | NOUN | n-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 κεῖνται | nsubj | high | Subject of κεῖνται. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | p--- | _ | 4 κεῖνται | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | χαλκοῖ | χαλκός | ADJ | a-p---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἀνδριάντες | amod | medium | Likely predicate/attributive modifier agreeing with ἀνδριάντες; form is unusual, maybe for χαλκοῦς. |
| 4 | κεῖνται | κεῖμαι | VERB | v-3ppim--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 5 | πρὸ | πρό | ADP | r-------- | _ | 8 στοᾶς | case | high | Governed by στοᾶς. |
| 6 | μὲν | μέν | PART | d-------- | _ | 5 πρὸ | discourse | high | Correlative particle. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | l-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 στοᾶς | det | high | Article with στοᾶς. |
| 8 | στοᾶς | στοά | NOUN | n-s---fg- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 4 κεῖνται | obl | high | Prepositional phrase modifying κεῖνται. |
| 9 | Σόλων | Σόλων | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 κεῖνται | nsubj | high | Appositive second subject/predicate noun. |
| 10 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | l-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 γράψας | det | high | Article introducing participial phrase. |
| 11 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | l-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 12 νόμους | det | high | Article with νόμους. |
| 12 | νόμους | νόμος | NOUN | n-p---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 γράψας | obj | high | Object of γράψας. |
| 13 | Ἀθηναίοις | Ἀθηναῖος | ADJ | a-p---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 γράψας | iobj | medium | Dative of recipient/beneficiary with γράψας. |
| 14 | γράψας | γράφω | VERB | v-aap-ams- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 9 Σόλων | acl | high | Attributive participle modifying Σόλων. |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 κεῖνται | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 16 | ὀλίγον | ὀλίγος | ADJ | a-s---ma- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἀπωτέρω | advmod | medium | Adverbial use with ἀπωτέρω. |
| 17 | δὲ | δέ | PART | p--- | _ | 18 ἀπωτέρω | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 18 | ἀπωτέρω | ἀπώτερον | ADV | d-------- | _ | 24 ἐγένετο | advmod | high | Modifies ἐγένετο. |
| 19 | Σέλευκος | Σέλευκος | PROPN | n-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 24 ἐγένετο | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐγένετο. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | ᾧ | ὅς | PRON | p-s---md- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 24 ἐγένετο | iobj | high | Dative relative pronoun with ἐγένετο. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | PART | c-------- | _ | 23 πρότερον | advmod | high | Focus/additive particle with πρότερον. |
| 23 | πρότερον | πρότερον | ADV | d-------- | _ | 24 ἐγένετο | advmod | high | Adverb modifying ἐγένετο. |
| 24 | ἐγένετο | γίγνομαι | VERB | v-3sami--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Likely main verb of the final clause; could be subordinate in broader discourse, but parsed as root here. |
| 25 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | r-------- | _ | 27 εὐδαιμονίαν | case | high | Governed by εὐδαιμονίαν. |
| 26 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 27 εὐδαιμονίαν | det | high | Article with εὐδαιμονίαν. |
| 27 | εὐδαιμονίαν | εὐδαιμονία | NOUN | n-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἐγένετο | obl | high | Goal/direction complement of ἐγένετο. |
| 28 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | l-s---fa- | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 29 μέλλουσαν | det | high | Article with μέλλουσαν. |
| 29 | μέλλουσαν | μέλλω | VERB | v-pap-sfa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 27 εὐδαιμονίαν | acl | high | Participial modifier of εὐδαιμονίαν. |
| 30 | σημεῖα | σημεῖον | NOUN | n-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 24 ἐγένετο | obj | medium | Likely object/predicate complement with ἐγένετο, though syntax is somewhat compressed. |
| 31 | οὐκ | οὐ | PART | d-------- | _ | 32 ἀφανῆ | advmod | high | Negation of ἀφανῆ. |
| 32 | ἀφανῆ | ἀφανής | ADJ | a-p---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 30 σημεῖα | amod | high | Modifier of σημεῖα. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 24 ἐγένετο | punct | high | Sentence-final punctuation. |
Σελεύκῳ γάρ, ὡς ὡρμᾶτο ἐκ Μακεδονίας σὺν Ἀλεξάνδρῳ, θύοντι ἐν Πέλλῃ τῷ Διὶ τὰ ξύλα τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ βωμοῦ κείμενα προύβη τε αὐτόματα πρὸς τὸ ἄγαλμα καὶ ἄνευ πυρὸς ἥφθη.
The syntax is somewhat loose: a main event with circumstantial dative/temporal participial framing and coordinated finite verbs at the end.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Σελεύκῳ | Σελεύκος | PROPN | NNP-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 32 ἥφθη | iobj | high | Dative recipient/experiencer of the event. |
| 2 | γάρ | γάρ | PART | _ | _ | 32 ἥφθη | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἥφθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 4 | ὡς | ὡς | SCONJ | _ | _ | 5 ὡρμᾶτο | mark | high | Introduces temporal/circumstantial clause. |
| 5 | ὡρμᾶτο | ὁρμάω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 32 ἥφθη | advcl | medium | Imperfect middle/passive form; likely circumstantial clause with ὡς. |
| 6 | ἐκ | ἐκ | ADP | _ | _ | 7 Μακεδονίας | case | high | Preposition governing Μακεδονίας. |
| 7 | Μακεδονίας | Μακεδονία | PROPN | NNP-Gen | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 5 ὡρμᾶτο | obl | high | Source complement with ἐκ. |
| 8 | σὺν | σύν | ADP | _ | _ | 9 Ἀλεξάνδρῳ | case | high | Preposition governing dative Ἀλεξάνδρῳ. |
| 9 | Ἀλεξάνδρῳ | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | NNP-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ὡρμᾶτο | obl | high | Comitative phrase with σὺν. |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 32 ἥφθη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 11 | θύοντι | θύω | VERB | V-PAP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 32 ἥφθη | advcl | high | Dative participle in circumstantial construction, agreeing with Σελεύκῳ. |
| 12 | ἐν | ἐν | ADP | _ | _ | 13 Πέλλῃ | case | high | Preposition. |
| 13 | Πέλλῃ | Πέλλα | PROPN | NNP-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 θύοντι | obl | high | Locative complement with ἐν. |
| 14 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 Διὶ | det | high | Article modifying Διὶ. |
| 15 | Διὶ | Ζεύς | PROPN | NNP-Dat | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 θύοντι | obl | high | Indirect object of θύοντι. |
| 16 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 17 ξύλα | det | high | Article modifying ξύλα. |
| 17 | ξύλα | ξύλον | NOUN | N-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 προύβη | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of προύβη/ἥφθη; nominative/accusative form is identical. |
| 18 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 22 κείμενα | det | high | Article modifying κείμενα. |
| 19 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | _ | _ | 21 βωμοῦ | case | high | Preposition governing the genitive. |
| 20 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 21 βωμοῦ | det | high | Article modifying βωμοῦ. |
| 21 | βωμοῦ | βωμός | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 22 κείμενα | obl | high | Object of ἐπί. |
| 22 | κείμενα | κεῖμαι | VERB | V-PPP-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 17 ξύλα | amod | medium | Participle agreeing with ξύλα, describing things lying on the altar. |
| 23 | προύβη | προβαίνω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Main finite verb; sense ‘advanced/sprang forth’. |
| 24 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 23 προύβη | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 25 | αὐτόματα | αὐτόματος | ADV | _ | _ | 23 προύβη | advmod | medium | Adverbial use, ‘of itself/spontaneously’. |
| 26 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | _ | _ | 28 ἄγαλμα | case | high | Preposition governing accusative. |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 28 ἄγαλμα | det | high | Article modifying ἄγαλμα. |
| 28 | ἄγαλμα | ἄγαλμα | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 προύβη | obl | high | Directional goal with πρὸς. |
| 29 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 32 ἥφθη | cc | high | Connects coordinated predicate with ἥφθη. |
| 30 | ἄνευ | ἄνευ | ADP | _ | _ | 31 πυρὸς | case | high | Preposition governing genitive. |
| 31 | πυρὸς | πῦρ | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 32 ἥφθη | obl | high | Complement with ἄνευ. |
| 32 | ἥφθη | ἅπτω | VERB | V-AIP-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass | 23 προύβη | conj | medium | Coordinated finite verb; passive form, likely ‘was kindled’. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 προύβη | punct | high | Punctuation. |
τελευτήσαντος δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου Σέλευκος Ἀντίγονον ἐς Βαβυλῶνα ἀφικόμενον δείσας καὶ παρὰ Πτολεμαῖον φυγὼν τὸν Λάγου κατῆλθεν αὖθις ἐς Βαβυλῶνα, κατελθὼν δὲ ἐκράτησε μὲν τῆς Ἀντιγόνου στρατιᾶς καὶ αὐτὸν ἀπέκτεινεν Ἀντίγονον, εἷλε δὲ ἐπιστρατεύσαντα ὕστερον Δημήτριον τὸν Ἀντιγόνου.
The sentence is a chain of participial circumstantials around three coordinated finite verbs; the main structural ambiguity is whether the first finite verb or the later motion clause should be treated as the discourse root, but the explicit root is set to κατῆλθεν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τελευτήσαντος | τελευτάω | VERB | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 Σέλευκος | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle with Ἀλεξάνδρου. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 4 Σέλευκος | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | Ἀλεξάνδρου | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 1 τελευτήσαντος | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive absolute. |
| 4 | Σέλευκος | Σελεύκος | PROPN | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main finite verb chain begins here; root chosen on first clause verb? Actually nominative subject with finite verb later; better as root on finite verb 16? Adjusting in structure. |
| 5 | Ἀντίγονον | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ἀφικόμενον | obj | high | Object of ἀφικόμενον (historical infinitive-style participial clause). |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 7 Βαβυλῶνα | case | high | Governs accusative. |
| 7 | Βαβυλῶνα | Βαβυλών | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἀφικόμενον | obl | high | Goal complement of ἀφικόμενον. |
| 8 | ἀφικόμενον | ἀφικνέομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 5 Ἀντίγονον | acl | high | Attributive participle modifying Ἀντίγονον. |
| 9 | δείσας | δείδω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 Σέλευκος | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle with Σελεύκος. |
| 10 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 13 φυγὼν | cc | high | Links participles. |
| 11 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | _ | _ | 12 Πτολεμαῖον | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 12 | Πτολεμαῖον | Πτολεμαῖος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 φυγὼν | obl | high | Object of παρὰ in motion-away sense. |
| 13 | φυγὼν | φεύγω | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 Σέλευκος | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle coordinated with δείσας. |
| 14 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 Λάγου | det | high | Article with patronymic/genitive name. |
| 15 | Λάγου | Λάγος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 Πτολεμαῖον | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on Πτολεμαῖον. |
| 16 | κατῆλθεν | κατέρχομαι | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Finite main verb of first clause. |
| 17 | αὖθις | αὖθις | ADV | _ | _ | 16 κατῆλθεν | advmod | high | Adverb modifying κατῆλθεν. |
| 18 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 19 Βαβυλῶνα | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 19 | Βαβυλῶνα | Βαβυλών | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 16 κατῆλθεν | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 κατῆλθεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 21 | κατελθὼν | κατέρχομαι | VERB | _ | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἐκράτησε | advcl | high | Temporal/circumstantial participle attached to ἐκράτησε. |
| 22 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 23 ἐκράτησε | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 23 | ἐκράτησε | κρατέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 16 κατῆλθεν | conj | high | Second main finite verb coordinated to κατῆλθεν. |
| 24 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 23 ἐκράτησε | discourse | high | Correlative particle with later δέ. |
| 25 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 στρατιᾶς | det | high | Article with στρατιᾶς. |
| 26 | Ἀντιγόνου | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 στρατιᾶς | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of στρατιᾶς. |
| 27 | στρατιᾶς | στρατιά | NOUN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 ἐκράτησε | obj | high | Object of κρατέω. |
| 28 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 30 ἀπέκτεινεν | cc | high | Links coordinated verb phrase. |
| 29 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 ἀπέκτεινεν | obj | high | Object of ἀπέκτεινεν. |
| 30 | ἀπέκτεινεν | ἀποκτείνω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 23 ἐκράτησε | conj | high | Coordinated finite verb. |
| 31 | Ἀντίγονον | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 30 ἀπέκτεινεν | appos | high | Appositive identification of αὐτόν. |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 ἐκράτησε | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 33 | εἷλε | αἱρέω | VERB | _ | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 23 ἐκράτησε | conj | high | Third coordinated finite verb. |
| 34 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 33 εἷλε | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 35 | ἐπιστρατεύσαντα | ἐπιστρατεύω | VERB | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 33 εἷλε | obj | medium | Accusative participle functioning as object/predicate with εἷλε; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 36 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | _ | _ | 35 ἐπιστρατεύσαντα | advmod | high | Modifies participle. |
| 37 | Δημήτριον | Δημήτριος | PROPN | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 35 ἐπιστρατεύσαντα | obj | high | Object of ἐπιστρατεύσαντα. |
| 38 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | _ | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 39 Ἀντιγόνου | det | high | Article with patronymic name. |
| 39 | Ἀντιγόνου | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | _ | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 37 Δημήτριον | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of Δημήτριον. |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 16 κατῆλθεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |