Grammar parses for passage 1.25.5
Open translation for this passage
τοὺς δὲ ἐς τὸ συμμαχικὸν ταχθέντας κατὰ πόλεις τε ἑκάστους ἦγον στρατηγοὶ καὶ τοῦ παντὸς ἄρχειν ᾕρητο Ἀθηναῖος Λεωσθένης πόλεώς τε ἀξιώματι καὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι δοκῶν πολέμων ἔμπειρος.
Two main clauses are coordinated loosely: ἦγον and ᾕρητο. The final participial phrase δοκῶν ... ἔμπειρος is compressed and likely depends on Λεωσθένης.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 ταχθέντας | det | high | Article modifying participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | PART | _ | _ | 11 ἦγον | discourse | high | Postpositive connective. |
| 3 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | _ | _ | 5 συμμαχικὸν | case | high | Introduces prepositional phrase. |
| 4 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 5 συμμαχικὸν | det | high | Article. |
| 5 | συμμαχικὸν | συμμαχικός | ADJ | A--s---na- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 3 ἐς | obj | high | Substantivized adjective with ἐς. |
| 6 | ταχθέντας | τάσσω | VERB | VAPP--mpa- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 11 ἦγον | obj | high | Participial modifier of the object. |
| 7 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | _ | _ | 8 πόλεις | case | high | Preposition. |
| 8 | πόλεις | πόλις | NOUN | N-APF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 6 ταχθέντας | obl | high | Adverbial distributive phrase. |
| 9 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 8 πόλεις | advmod | medium | Enclitic connector. |
| 10 | ἑκάστους | ἕκαστος | ADJ | A--mp--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ταχθέντας | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of participle. |
| 11 | ἦγον | ἄγω | VERB | VIAI3P--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb. |
| 12 | στρατηγοὶ | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-NPM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 ἦγον | nsubj | high | Subject of ἦγον. |
| 13 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 17 ᾕρητο | cc | high | Connective joining clauses. |
| 14 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | ATR | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 παντὸς | det | high | Article. |
| 15 | παντὸς | πᾶς | ADJ | A--sngm- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 ἄρχειν | amod | high | Genitive modifier of infinitive. |
| 16 | ἄρχειν | ἄρχω | VERB | V-PAN--- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 17 ᾕρητο | xcomp | high | Complement of ᾕρητο. |
| 17 | ᾕρητο | αἱρέω | VERB | V-IXM3S--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Plup|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | Second clause root. |
| 18 | Ἀθηναῖος | Ἀθηναῖος | ADJ | A--s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 19 Λεωσθένης | amod | high | Epexegetic ethnic adjective modifying name. |
| 19 | Λεωσθένης | Λεωσθένης | PROPN | Ne-s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 ᾕρητο | nsubj | high | Subject of ᾕρητο. |
| 20 | πόλεώς | πόλις | NOUN | N-SGF--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 22 ἀξιώματι | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἀξιώματι. |
| 21 | τε | τε | PART | _ | _ | 20 πόλεώς | advmod | medium | Enclitic connector. |
| 22 | ἀξιώματι | ἀξίωμα | NOUN | N-DSN--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 26 δοκῶν | obl | high | Dative of respect/cause with participle. |
| 23 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 24 αὐτὸς | cc | high | Coordination marker. |
| 24 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | A-P---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Prs | 26 δοκῶν | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of δοκῶν; masculine singular agrees with Λεωσθένης. |
| 25 | εἶναι | εἰμί | AUX | V--PAN--- | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 26 δοκῶν | xcomp | high | Infinitival complement of δοκῶν. |
| 26 | δοκῶν | δοκέω | VERB | V-PAP-SNM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 17 ᾕρητο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle modifying subject. |
| 27 | πολέμων | πόλεμος | NOUN | N-GPM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 28 ἔμπειρος | nmod | high | Genitive dependent of ἔμπειρος. |
| 28 | ἔμπειρος | ἔμπειρος | ADJ | A--s---mn- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 δοκῶν | xcomp | low | Predicate adjective with εἶναι implied; syntax somewhat compressed. |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 17 ᾕρητο | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
ὑπῆρχε δέ οἱ καὶ πρὸς πάντας εὐεργεσία τοὺς Ἕλληνας· ὁπόσοι γὰρ μισθοῦ παρὰ Δαρείῳ καὶ σατράπαις ἐστρατεύοντο Ἕλληνες, ἀνοικίσαι σφᾶς ἐς τὴν Περσίδα θελήσαντος Ἀλεξάνδρου Λεωσθένης ἔφθη κομίσας ναυσὶν ἐς τὴν Εὐρώπην.
The sentence contains a first clause with dative possession/interest and a second clause with a relative background clause plus a genitive absolute; the attachment of ἀνοικίσαι is somewhat uncertain, but it most plausibly depends on the ἔφθη construction.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ὑπῆρχε | ὑπάρχω | VERB | V3SIIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the first clause. |
| 2 | δέ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 ὑπῆρχε | discourse | high | Postpositive discourse particle. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | PRON | P-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 1 ὑπῆρχε | iobj | medium | Likely dative of possession/interest with ὑπῆρχε; exact syntactic label is uncertain. |
| 4 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 εὐεργεσία | cc | high | Connects coordinated oblique phrase to εὐεργεσία. |
| 5 | πρὸς | πρός | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 εὐεργεσία | case | high | Preposition governing πάντας. |
| 6 | πάντας | πᾶς | ADJ | A-PAM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 εὐεργεσία | amod | high | Attributive modifier of εὐεργεσία in the prepositional phrase. |
| 7 | εὐεργεσία | εὐεργεσία | NOUN | N--FS--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 ὑπῆρχε | nsubj | high | Subject of ὑπῆρχε. |
| 8 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-AP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 9 Ἕλληνας | det | high | Article with Ἕλληνας. |
| 9 | Ἕλληνας | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 εὐεργεσία | appos | medium | Could also be part of an appositional/explanatory phrase to εὐεργεσία. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ὑπῆρχε | punct | high | Sentence punctuation. |
| 11 | ὁπόσοι | ὁπόσος | PRON | PI-PMN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | nsubj | high | Relative pronoun introducing the second clause. |
| 12 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | discourse | high | Explanatory particle. |
| 13 | μισθοῦ | μισθός | NOUN | N-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | obl | high | Genitive of price/remuneration with ἐστρατεύοντο. |
| 14 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 15 Δαρείῳ | case | high | Preposition with dative. |
| 15 | Δαρείῳ | Δαρεῖος | PROPN | Ne-S---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | obl | high | Oblique complement of ἐστρατεύοντο. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 17 σατράπαις | cc | high | Coordinates another oblique phrase. |
| 17 | σατράπαις | σατράπης | NOUN | N-DPM--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | obl | high | Second oblique complement coordinated with Δαρείῳ. |
| 18 | ἐστρατεύοντο | στρατεύω | VERB | V3PIIM--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid | 29 ἔφθη | advcl | high | Finite verb in a relative/background clause modifying ἔφθη. |
| 19 | Ἕλληνες | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N-APM--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ἀνοικίσαι | nsubj | medium | Likely subject of the infinitive ἀνοικίσαι in indirect discourse/accusative with infinitive construction. |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 18 ἐστρατεύοντο | punct | high | Comma punctuation. |
| 21 | ἀνοικίσαι | ἀνοικίζω | VERB | V-AAN--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 29 ἔφθη | xcomp | high | Complementary infinitive governed by θελήσαντος/implicit clause relation. |
| 22 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-AP--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 21 ἀνοικίσαι | obj | high | Object of ἀνοικίσαι. |
| 23 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 25 Περσίδα | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 24 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 25 Περσίδα | det | high | Article with Περσίδα. |
| 25 | Περσίδα | Περσίς | NOUN | N-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἀνοικίσαι | obl | high | Goal of ἀνοικίσαι. |
| 26 | θελήσαντος | θέλω | VERB | V-AAPMSG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 27 Ἀλεξάνδρου | amod | medium | Genitive absolute participle agreeing with Ἀλεξάνδρου. |
| 27 | Ἀλεξάνδρου | Ἀλέξανδρος | PROPN | Ne-GSM--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἔφθη | advcl | high | Head of the genitive absolute phrase. |
| 28 | Λεωσθένης | Λεωσθένης | PROPN | Ne-NSM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἔφθη | nsubj | high | Subject of ἔφθη. |
| 29 | ἔφθη | φθάνω | VERB | V3SAIA--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of the second sentence. |
| 30 | κομίσας | κομίζω | VERB | V-AAPNSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 29 ἔφθη | advcl | high | Supplementary participle dependent on ἔφθη. |
| 31 | ναυσὶν | ναῦς | NOUN | N-DPF--- | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | 30 κομίσας | obl | high | Dative of means/instrument with κομίσας. |
| 32 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 34 Εὐρώπην | case | high | Preposition with accusative. |
| 33 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 34 Εὐρώπην | det | high | Article with Εὐρώπην. |
| 34 | Εὐρώπην | Εὐρώπη | PROPN | Ne-ASF--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 30 κομίσας | obl | high | Goal of κομίσας. |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 29 ἔφθη | punct | high | Sentence-ending punctuation. |
καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε ὧν ἐς αὐτὸν ἤλπισαν τὰ ἔργα λαμπρότερα ἐπιδειξάμενος παρέσχεν ἀποθανὼν ἀθυμῆσαι πᾶσι καὶ διʼ αὐτὸ οὐχ ἥκιστα σφαλῆναι·
The syntax is periodic and compressed: παρέσχεν governs two infinitival complements (ἀθυμῆσαι, σφαλῆναι), with participial clauses (ἐπιδειξάμενος, ἀποθανὼν) and a relative/subordinate clause around ὧν ἐς αὐτὸν ἤλπισαν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 13 παρέσχεν | cc | high | coordinating conjunction |
| 2 | δὴ | δή | PART | PART | _ | 13 παρέσχεν | discourse | high | emphatic particle |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 τότε | cc | high | links temporal adverb with preceding particle cluster |
| 4 | τότε | τότε | ADV | ADV | _ | 13 παρέσχεν | advmod | high | temporal modifier |
| 5 | ὧν | ὅς | PRON | Pp---NG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Rel | 8 ἤλπισαν | obj | medium | relative pronoun; case with ἐπιδειξάμενος construction is somewhat uncertain |
| 6 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 7 αὐτὸν | case | high | preposition |
| 7 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | Pp-3asm- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 8 ἤλπισαν | obl | high | object of preposition |
| 8 | ἤλπισαν | ἐλπίζω | VERB | V3AAI3P- | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 παρέσχεν | advcl | medium | finite subordinate clause; likely antecedent of ὧν |
| 9 | τὰ | ὁ | DET | L- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 ἔργα | det | high | article |
| 10 | ἔργα | ἔργον | NOUN | N-NPN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 ἐπιδειξάμενος | obj | medium | treated as object of ἐπιδειξάμενος |
| 11 | λαμπρότερα | λαμπρός | ADJ | A-CPN- | Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 10 ἔργα | amod | high | comparative adjective modifying ἔργα |
| 12 | ἐπιδειξάμενος | ἐπιδείκνυμι | VERB | V-AMPN-- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 13 παρέσχεν | advcl | high | supplementary participial clause |
| 13 | παρέσχεν | παρέχω | VERB | V3AAI3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | main verb |
| 14 | ἀποθανὼν | ἀποθνῄσκω | VERB | V-AAPNS- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 13 παρέσχεν | advcl | high | circumstantial participle |
| 15 | ἀθυμῆσαι | ἀθυμέω | VERB | V--AAN--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 13 παρέσχεν | xcomp | high | complement of παρέσχεν |
| 16 | πᾶσι | πᾶς | ADJ | A-P---D- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀθυμῆσαι | iobj | medium | dative recipient/experiencer of infinitive |
| 17 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 20 οὐχ | cc | high | coordinates adverbial phrase |
| 18 | διʼ | διά | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 αὐτὸ | case | high | preposition |
| 19 | αὐτὸ | αὐτός | PRON | Pp-3asn- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 22 σφαλῆναι | obl | high | object of preposition |
| 20 | οὐχ | οὐ | PART | Tn | _ | 21 ἥκιστα | advmod | high | negation with comparative adverb |
| 21 | ἥκιστα | ἥκιστα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Sup | 22 σφαλῆναι | advmod | high | superlative adverb |
| 22 | σφαλῆναι | σφάλλω | VERB | V--ANP--- | Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass | 13 παρέσχεν | xcomp | high | second complement infinitive |
| 23 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρέσχεν | punct | high | sentence-final punctuation |
φρουρά τε Μακεδόνων ἐσῆλθεν Ἀθηναίοις, οἳ Μουνυχίαν, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ Πειραιᾶ καὶ τείχη μακρὰ ἔσχον.
The relative clause is attached to φρουρά/Ἀθηναίοις contextually; ἔσχον takes a coordinated series of accusative objects, with Πειραιᾶ treated as an accusative variant.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | φρουρά | φρουρά | NOUN | N-NSF | Case=Nominative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 4 ἐσῆλθεν | nsubj | high | Subject of ἐσῆλθεν. |
| 2 | τε | τε | PART | G-------- | _ | 1 φρουρά | discourse | high | Enclitic connective particle. |
| 3 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Genitive|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 1 φρουρά | nmod | high | Genitive modifier of φρουρά. |
| 4 | ἐσῆλθεν | εἰσέρχομαι | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Indicative|Number=Singular|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 0 ROOT | root | high | Main verb of first clause. |
| 5 | Ἀθηναίοις | Ἀθηναῖος | PROPN | A-DPM | Case=Dative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 4 ἐσῆλθεν | iobj | medium | Dative of recipient/advantage with ἐσῆλθεν. |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐσῆλθεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 7 | οἳ | ὅς | PRON | P-PMN | Case=Nominative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Plural | 1 φρουρά | acl:relcl | medium | Relative clause referring to the Athenians. |
| 8 | Μουνυχίαν | Μουνυχία | PROPN | N-ASF | Case=Accusative|Gender=Feminine|Number=Singular | 17 ἔσχον | obj | high | Object of ἔσχον. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 οἳ | punct | high | Punctuation. |
| 10 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | D | _ | 17 ἔσχον | advmod | high | Temporal adverb modifying ἔσχον. |
| 11 | δὲ | δέ | PART | G-------- | _ | 17 ἔσχον | discourse | high | Postpositive connective particle. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 13 Πειραιᾶ | cc | high | Coordinates the second object with Μουνυχίαν. |
| 13 | Πειραιᾶ | Πειραιεύς | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Accusative|Gender=Masculine|Number=Singular | 8 Μουνυχίαν | conj | medium | Second coordinated object; form is poetic/variant accusative of Πειραιεύς. |
| 14 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C | _ | 15 τείχη | cc | high | Coordinates τείχη with Πειραιᾶ. |
| 15 | τείχη | τεῖχος | NOUN | N-APN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 8 Μουνυχίαν | conj | high | Third coordinated object of ἔσχον. |
| 16 | μακρὰ | μακρός | ADJ | A-APN | Case=Accusative|Gender=Neuter|Number=Plural | 15 τείχη | amod | high | Adjectival modifier of τείχη. |
| 17 | ἔσχον | ἔχω | VERB | V-AAI-3P | Mood=Indicative|Number=Plural|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Active | 7 οἳ | acl | medium | Verb of the relative clause; depends on οἳ. |
| 18 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐσῆλθεν | punct | high | Punctuation. |