Grammar parses for passage 10.19.10
Open translation for this passage
Γαλατῶν δὲ τοῖς ἱππεύουσιν ἀγῶνος συνεστηκότος ὑπομένοντες τῆς τάξεως ὄπισθεν οἱ οἰκέται τοσάδε σφίσιν ἐγίνοντο χρήσιμοι·
The sentence contains a genitive absolute (ἀγῶνος συνεστηκότος) and a circumstantial participial clause (ὑπομένοντες); τοσάδε is a neuter substantive adjective, while χρήσιμοι is the nominative predicate adjective with ἐγίνοντο.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Γαλατῶν | Γαλάτης | PROPN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἱππεύουσιν | nmod | high | Genitive plural ethnic name, dependent on ἱππεύουσιν. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 15 ἐγίνοντο | cc | high | |
| 3 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 4 ἱππεύουσιν | det | high | |
| 4 | ἱππεύουσιν | ἱππεύω | VERB | V-PAP-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 6 συνεστηκότος | nsubj | medium | Articular dative participle, probably ‘the cavalrymen’; Γαλατῶν is a dependent genitive. |
| 5 | ἀγῶνος | ἀγών | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 συνεστηκότος | nsubj | medium | Genitive subject of συνεστηκότος in the genitive absolute. |
| 6 | συνεστηκότος | συνίστημι | VERB | V-RAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|Voice=Act | 7 ὑπομένοντες | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with ἀγῶνος. |
| 7 | ὑπομένοντες | ὑπομένω | VERB | V-PAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 15 ἐγίνοντο | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle with οἱ οἰκέται. |
| 8 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 9 τάξεως | det | high | |
| 9 | τάξεως | τάξις | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 7 ὑπομένοντες | obl | high | Genitive with ὑπομένοντες, ‘remaining behind the formation’. |
| 10 | ὄπισθεν | ὄπισθεν | ADV | ADV | _ | 7 ὑπομένοντες | advmod | high | Adverb meaning ‘behind’. |
| 11 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 οἰκέται | det | high | |
| 12 | οἰκέται | οἰκέτης | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐγίνοντο | nsubj | high | |
| 13 | τοσάδε | τοσόσδε | ADJ | A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 16 χρήσιμοι | amod | medium | Neuter plural substantive adjective, ‘such great/useful things’; syntactically coordinated with χρήσιμοι in the predicate. |
| 14 | σφίσιν | σφεῖς | PRON | P-DPN | Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 15 ἐγίνοντο | iobj | high | Dative of advantage/reference. |
| 15 | ἐγίνοντο | γίγνομαι | VERB | V-IMI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | χρήσιμοι | χρήσιμος | ADJ | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἐγίνοντο | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with γίγνομαι, agreeing with οἱ οἰκέται. |
| 17 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 ἐγίνοντο | punct | high |
τῷ γὰρ ἱππεῖ συμβὰν ἢ τῷ ἵππῳ πεσεῖν, τὸν μὲν ἵππον παρεῖχεν ἀναβῆναι τῷ ἀνδρί, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ὁ δοῦλος ἀντὶ τοῦ δεσπότου τὸν ἵππον ἀνέβαινεν·
The opening τῷ γὰρ ἱππεῖ συμβὰν ἢ τῷ ἵππῳ πεσεῖν is an impersonal contingency construction; the latter clause is coordinated with παρεῖχεν, while the genitive absolute introduces the contrasting second action.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | Art-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἱππεῖ | det | high | |
| 2 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | Part | _ | 13 παρεῖχεν | discourse | high | Postpositive explanatory particle. |
| 3 | ἱππεῖ | ἱππεύς | NOUN | N-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 συμβὰν | obl | high | Dative with συμβάν. |
| 4 | συμβὰν | συμβαίνω | VERB | V-Act.Ptcp.Aor.Nom/Acc.Sg.Neut | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 πεσεῖν | advcl | medium | Neuter accusative participle, idiomatically introducing the contingency. |
| 5 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | Conj | _ | 8 πεσεῖν | cc | high | |
| 6 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | Art-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ἵππῳ | det | high | |
| 7 | ἵππῳ | ἵππος | NOUN | N-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 πεσεῖν | obl | high | Dative with πεσεῖν. |
| 8 | πεσεῖν | πίπτω | VERB | V-Act.Inf.Aor | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 παρεῖχεν | advcl | high | Infinitival complement to the impersonal συμβάν. |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 πεσεῖν | punct | high | |
| 10 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc.Sg.Masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἵππον | det | high | |
| 11 | μὲν | μέν | PART | Part | _ | 12 ἵππον | discourse | high | Correlative particle; δέ follows in the next clause. |
| 12 | ἵππον | ἵππος | NOUN | N-Acc.Sg.Masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 13 παρεῖχεν | obj | high | |
| 13 | παρεῖχεν | παρέχω | VERB | V-Act.Impft.Ind.3Sg | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 14 | ἀναβῆναι | ἀναβαίνω | VERB | V-Act.Inf.Aor | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 13 παρεῖχεν | xcomp | high | Infinitive complement of παρεῖχεν. |
| 15 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | Art-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 16 ἀνδρί | det | high | |
| 16 | ἀνδρί | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-Dat.Sg.Masc | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 14 ἀναβῆναι | iobj | high | Dative person for whom the horse was made available. |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρεῖχεν | punct | high | |
| 18 | τελευτήσαντος | τελευτάω | VERB | V-Act.Ptcp.Aor.Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 29 ἀνέβαινεν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute. |
| 19 | δὲ | δέ | PART | Part | _ | 29 ἀνέβαινεν | discourse | high | Correlative contrast with μέν. |
| 20 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 ἀνδρὸς | det | high | |
| 21 | ἀνδρὸς | ἀνήρ | NOUN | N-Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 τελευτήσαντος | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 22 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | Art-Nom.Sg.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 23 δοῦλος | det | high | |
| 23 | δοῦλος | δοῦλος | NOUN | N-Nom.Sg.Masc | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἀνέβαινεν | nsubj | high | |
| 24 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | Prep-Gen | _ | 26 δεσπότου | case | high | |
| 25 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | Art-Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 26 δεσπότου | det | high | |
| 26 | δεσπότου | δεσπότης | NOUN | N-Gen.Sg.Masc | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἀνέβαινεν | obl | high | ἀντί with genitive. |
| 27 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | Art-Acc.Sg.Masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 28 ἵππον | det | high | |
| 28 | ἵππον | ἵππος | NOUN | N-Acc.Sg.Masc | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 29 ἀνέβαινεν | obj | high | |
| 29 | ἀνέβαινεν | ἀναβαίνω | VERB | V-Act.Impft.Ind.3Sg | Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 13 παρεῖχεν | conj | high | Second coordinated finite predicate. |
| 30 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 13 παρεῖχεν | punct | high |
εἰ δὲ ἀμφοτέρους ἐπιλάβοι τὸ χρεών, ἐνταῦθα ἕτοιμος ἦν ἱππεύς.
Conditional clause with an aorist optative (ἐπιλάβοι); τὸ χρεών is the necessity subject, and ἕτοιμος ἱππεύς is the nominal predicate.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | εἰ | εἰ | SCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐπιλάβοι | mark | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ἐπιλάβοι | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀμφοτέρους | ἀμφότερος | PRON | A-AMP-P--- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Dual | 4 ἐπιλάβοι | obj | high | Substantivized dual accusative. |
| 4 | ἐπιλάβοι | ἐπιλαμβάνω | VERB | V-2AAO-3S | Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 10 ἦν | advcl | medium | Aorist optative in the εἰ-clause; apodosis is imperfect. |
| 5 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-SN---N- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 6 χρεών | det | high | |
| 6 | χρεών | χρεών | NOUN | N-SN---N- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 4 ἐπιλάβοι | nsubj | medium | Impersonal necessity noun, functioning as subject of ἐπιλάβοι. |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 4 ἐπιλάβοι | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνταῦθα | ADV | D-------- | PronType=Dem | 10 ἦν | advmod | high | |
| 9 | ἕτοιμος | ἕτοιμος | ADJ | A-SNM---N- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 ἱππεύς | amod | high | Predicative adjective with ἱππεύς. |
| 10 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 11 | ἱππεύς | ἱππεύς | NOUN | N-SM---N- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 10 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 10 ἦν | punct | high |
λαμβανόντων δὲ τραύματα αὐτῶν, ὁ μὲν ὑπεξῆγε τῶν δούλων ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸν τραυματίαν, ὁ δὲ καθίστατο ἐς τὴν τάξιν ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπελθόντος.
Genitive absolute λαμβανόντων ... αὐτῶν means 'as they received wounds'; the two coordinated clauses have elided subjects represented by ὁ ... ὁ, with τῶν δούλων dependent on ὑπεξῆγε and τοῦ ἀπελθόντος governed by ἀντί.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | λαμβανόντων | λαμβάνω | VERB | V-PAP-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 3 τραύματα | advcl | high | Genitive absolute participle. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 λαμβανόντων | cc | high | |
| 3 | τραύματα | τραῦμα | NOUN | N-A-NPN | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 1 λαμβανόντων | obj | medium | Accusative form is expected semantically with λαμβανόντων; parsed as object despite form τραύματα being nominative/accusative neuter plural. |
| 4 | αὐτῶν | αὐτός | PRON | P-GP3 | Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 1 λαμβανόντων | nsubj | high | Genitive-absolute subject. |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 3 τραύματα | punct | high | |
| 6 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | nsubj | high | Article used substantivally, first member of ὁ μέν ... ὁ δέ. |
| 7 | μὲν | μέν | PART | PART | _ | 6 ὁ | discourse | high | |
| 8 | ὑπεξῆγε | ὑπεξάγω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Imperfect indicative; exact augment/lexical analysis of ὑπεξῆγε is somewhat uncertain. |
| 9 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 10 δούλων | det | high | |
| 10 | δούλων | δοῦλος | NOUN | N-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | obl | high | Partitive/source-like genitive: one of the slaves led out the wounded man. |
| 11 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 13 στρατόπεδον | case | high | |
| 12 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | T-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 13 στρατόπεδον | det | high | |
| 13 | στρατόπεδον | στρατόπεδον | NOUN | N-ASN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | obl | high | Goal of motion. |
| 14 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 15 τραυματίαν | det | high | |
| 15 | τραυματίαν | τραυματίας | NOUN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | obj | high | Object of ὑπεξῆγε. |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | punct | high | |
| 17 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | T-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 19 καθίστατο | nsubj | high | Article used substantivally, second member of ὁ μέν ... ὁ δέ. |
| 18 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 19 καθίστατο | cc | high | |
| 19 | καθίστατο | καθίστημι | VERB | V-IMI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Mid | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | conj | high | Imperfect middle, coordinated with ὑπεξῆγε. |
| 20 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 22 τάξιν | case | high | |
| 21 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 22 τάξιν | det | high | |
| 22 | τάξιν | τάξις | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 καθίστατο | obl | high | Goal/direction of καθίστατο. |
| 23 | ἀντὶ | ἀντί | ADP | P | _ | 25 ἀπελθόντος | case | high | |
| 24 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 25 ἀπελθόντος | det | high | Article substantivizing the participle. |
| 25 | ἀπελθόντος | ἀπέρχομαι | VERB | V-GAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 19 καθίστατο | obl | high | Substantivized aorist participle, 'the one who departed'. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 8 ὑπεξῆγε | punct | high |