Pausanias Analysis - Grammar 2.8.3

Sentence 2

2.8.3 sentence 2

Tokens: 62
Input: 1,164
Output: 4,301
Total: 5,465

ἐπὶ τοῦτον τὸν Νικοκλέα Ἄρατος ἀφικόμενος Σικυωνίων φυγάσι καὶ Ἀργείοις μισθωτοῖς τοὺς μὲν ἔλαθεν ἅτε ἐν σκότῳ---νύκτωρ γὰρ δὴ τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν ἐποιεῖτο---, τοὺς δὲ καὶ βιασάμενος τῶν φυλασσόντων ἐγένετο ἐντὸς τείχους· καὶ ---ὑπέφαινε γὰρ ἕως ἤδη---προσλαβὼν τὸν δῆμον ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν σπουδῇ τὴν τυραννικὴν τρέπεται.

Complex coordinated narrative: Ἄρατος is the matrix subject; ἀφικόμενος and προσλαβών are circumstantial participles. ἐπὶ τοῦτον τὸν Νικοκλέα is a preposed goal/attack complement. The dashes are retained as punctuation tokens; ὑπέφαινε is parenthetical and its subject is inferred/contextual.

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	4 Νικοκλέα	case	high	With accusative τοῦτον...Νικοκλέα, directional/hostile goal.
2	τοῦτον	οὗτος	DET	A-DSMA	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	4 Νικοκλέα	det	high
3	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	4 Νικοκλέα	det	high
4	Νικοκλέα	Νικοκλῆς	PROPN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|NameType=Giv\|Number=Sing	14 ἔλαθεν	obl	high	Object/goal of the attack.
5	Ἄρατος	Ἄρατος	PROPN	N-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|NameType=Giv\|Number=Sing	14 ἔλαθεν	nsubj	high
6	ἀφικόμενος	ἀφικνέομαι	VERB	V-AMP-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	14 ἔλαθεν	advcl	high	Circumstantial aorist participle, subject Ἄρατος.
7	Σικυωνίων	Σικυώνιος	ADJ	A-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	8 φυγάσι	nmod	high	Ethnic adjective substantivized with φυγάσι.
8	φυγάσι	φυγάς	NOUN	N-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	6 ἀφικόμενος	obl	medium	Dative accompaniment/association with ἀφικόμενος.
9	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	10 Ἀργείοις	cc	high
10	Ἀργείοις	Ἀργεῖος	ADJ	A-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	11 μισθωτοῖς	amod	high	Substantivized ethnic adjective.
11	μισθωτοῖς	μισθωτός	NOUN	N-DPM	Case=Dat\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur	6 ἀφικόμενος	obl	high	Coordinated dative companion/group.
12	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	T-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	14 ἔλαθεν	obj	medium	Article substantivizes the first member of τοὺς μὲν...τοὺς δέ.
13	μὲν	μέν	PART	PART	_	12 τοὺς	cc	high
14	ἔλαθεν	λανθάνω	VERB	V-2AAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	high	Matrix predicate; Ἄρατος is subject.
15	ἅτε	ἅτε	SCONJ	CONJ	_	14 ἔλαθεν	mark	high	Introduces explanatory circumstantial clause.
16	ἐν	ἐν	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	17 σκότῳ	case	high
17	σκότῳ	σκότος	NOUN	N-DSN	Case=Dat\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	15 ἅτε	obl	medium	Elliptical circumstance: being in darkness.
18	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	14 ἔλαθεν	punct	high	Editorial dash.
19	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	14 ἔλαθεν	punct	high	Editorial dash.
20	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	14 ἔλαθεν	punct	high	Editorial dash.
21	νύκτωρ	νύκτωρ	ADV	ADV	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	advmod	high
22	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	PART	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	discourse	medium	Explanatory particle; relation rendered as discourse.
23	δὴ	δή	PART	PART	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	discourse	high
24	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	25 ἐπιχείρησιν	det	high
25	ἐπιχείρησιν	ἐπιχείρησις	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	26 ἐποιεῖτο	obj	high
26	ἐποιεῖτο	ποιέω	VERB	V-IMI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Mid	14 ἔλαθεν	parataxis	high	Parenthetical explanatory clause; subject inferred as Ἄρατος.
27	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high	Editorial dash.
28	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high	Editorial dash.
29	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high	Editorial dash.
30	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	26 ἐποιεῖτο	punct	high
31	τοὺς	ὁ	DET	T-APM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	37 ἐγένετο	obj	medium	Second member of τοὺς μὲν...τοὺς δέ; coordinated object.
32	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	31 τοὺς	cc	high
33	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	34 βιασάμενος	cc	high	Coordinates participle with the following verbal predicate.
34	βιασάμενος	βιάζομαι	VERB	V-AMP-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Mid	37 ἐγένετο	advcl	high	Circumstantial participle, subject Ἄρατος; object is implicit/partly represented by τοὺς.
35	τῶν	ὁ	DET	T-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|PronType=Art	36 φυλασσόντων	det	high
36	φυλασσόντων	φυλάσσω	VERB	V-PAP-GPM	Case=Gen\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Plur\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	34 βιασάμενος	obl	medium	Genitive substantive participle, likely those guarding; construction dependent on βιασάμενος.
37	ἐγένετο	γίγνομαι	VERB	V-2AMI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Mid	14 ἔλαθεν	conj	high	Coordinated finite predicate, subject Ἄρατος.
38	ἐντὸς	ἐντός	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	39 τείχους	case	high	Preposition governing genitive.
39	τείχους	τεῖχος	NOUN	N-GSN	Case=Gen\|Gender=Neut\|Number=Sing	37 ἐγένετο	obl	high
40	·	·	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	37 ἐγένετο	punct	high
41	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	61 τρέπεται	cc	high	Coordinates the final predicate.
42	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
43	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
44	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
45	ὑπέφαινε	ὑποφαίνω	VERB	V-IAI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Imp\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Act	61 τρέπεται	parataxis	medium	Parenthetical imperfect; subject and precise idiomatic force are context-dependent.
46	γὰρ	γάρ	PART	PART	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	discourse	high
47	ἕως	ἕως	SCONJ	CONJ	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	mark	medium	Temporal conjunction introducing ἤδη; elliptical clause.
48	ἤδη	ἤδη	ADV	ADV	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	advmod	high	Adverb within the elliptical temporal expression.
49	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
50	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
51	-	-	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	45 ὑπέφαινε	punct	high	Editorial dash.
52	προσλαβὼν	προσλαμβάνω	VERB	V-2AAP-NSM	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	61 τρέπεται	advcl	high	Circumstantial aorist participle, subject Ἄρατος.
53	τὸν	ὁ	DET	T-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	54 δῆμον	det	high
54	δῆμον	δῆμος	NOUN	N-ASM	Case=Acc\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	52 προσλαβὼν	obj	high
55	ἐπὶ	ἐπί	ADP	PREP	AdpType=Prep	57 οἰκίαν	case	high	With accusative, directional toward.
56	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	57 οἰκίαν	det	high
57	οἰκίαν	οἰκία	NOUN	N-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	61 τρέπεται	obl	high	Directional complement of τρέπεται.
58	σπουδῇ	σπουδή	NOUN	N-DSF	Case=Dat\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	61 τρέπεται	advmod	high	Dative of manner.
59	τὴν	ὁ	DET	T-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	60 τυραννικὴν	det	high
60	τυραννικὴν	τυραννικός	ADJ	A-ASF	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing	61 τρέπεται	obj	medium	Substantivized adjective, likely ‘the tyrannical [house/authority]’; ellipsis.
61	τρέπεται	τρέπω	VERB	V-PMI-3S	Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Pres\|VerbForm=Fin\|Voice=Mid	37 ἐγένετο	conj	high	Final coordinated predicate; subject Ἄρατος.
62	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	61 τρέπεται	punct	high

Sentence 3

2.8.3 sentence 3

Tokens: 14
Input: 695
Output: 1,073
Total: 1,768

καὶ ταύτην μὲν εἷλεν οὐ χαλεπῶς, ὁ δὲ Νικοκλῆς αὐτὸς ἔλαθεν ἀποδράς.

Two coordinated clauses: ταύτην is the object of εἷλεν, while Νικοκλῆς is the subject of ἔλαθεν; ἀποδράς is a circumstantial aorist participle, likely predicative with Νικοκλῆς. The construction ἔλαθεν ἀποδράς means ‘escaped unnoticed.’

#	Form	Lemma	UPOS	XPOS	Features	Head	DepRel	Conf.	Note
1	καὶ	καί	CCONJ	CONJ	_	4 εἷλεν	cc	high
2	ταύτην	οὗτος	PRON	PD----AFA-	Case=Acc\|Gender=Fem\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Dem	4 εἷλεν	obj	high
3	μὲν	μέν	PART	วPART	_	4 εἷλεν	discourse	high
4	εἷλεν	αἱρέω	VERB	VAAI3S	Aspect=Perf\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	0 ROOT	root	medium	Form is conventionally analyzed as aorist active indicative, despite the perfect-like spelling.
5	οὐ	οὐ	PART	सPART	Polarity=Neg	6 χαλεπῶς	advmod	high
6	χαλεπῶς	χαλεπῶς	ADV	ADV	_	4 εἷλεν	advmod	high
7	,	,	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	4 εἷλεν	punct	high
8	ὁ	ὁ	DET	DA----MS-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Art	10 Νικοκλῆς	det	high
9	δὲ	δέ	CCONJ	CONJ	_	12 ἔλαθεν	cc	high
10	Νικοκλῆς	Νικοκλῆς	PROPN	NP----MS-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing	12 ἔλαθεν	nsubj	high
11	αὐτὸς	αὐτός	PRON	P----NMS-	Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|PronType=Prs	10 Νικοκλῆς	appos	medium	Intensive pronoun, reinforcing the subject; could alternatively be attached directly to the verb as an emphatic modifier.
12	ἔλαθεν	λανθάνω	VERB	VAAI3S	Aspect=Perf\|Mood=Ind\|Number=Sing\|Person=3\|Tense=Aor\|Voice=Act	4 εἷλεν	conj	high	Aorist active indicative; with participle, ‘escaped unnoticed.’
13	ἀποδράς	ἀποδιδράσκω	VERB	VAAP-NMS	Aspect=Perf\|Case=Nom\|Gender=Masc\|Number=Sing\|Tense=Aor\|VerbForm=Part\|Voice=Act	12 ἔλαθεν	advcl	high	Circumstantial aorist participle, subject controlled by Νικοκλῆς.
14	.	.	PUNCT	PUNCT	_	12 ἔλαθεν	punct	high

Passage 2.8.3