Grammar parses for passage 2.8.4
Open translation for this passage
καὶ---ἦν γὰρ δέος τοῖς πᾶσιν Ἕλλησι Μακεδόνων καὶ Ἀντιγόνου Φίλιππον ἐπιτροπεύοντος τὸν Δημητρίου---, τοῦδε ἕνεκα τοὺς Σικυωνίους ἐς τὸ Ἀχαιῶν συνέδριον ἐσήγαγε Δωριεῖς ὄντας.
The parenthetical phrase (tokens 2–21) gives the causal background: ἦν δέος takes a dative experiencer and genitive objects; ἐπιτροπεύοντος is a genitive absolute-like participial phrase, with Φίλιππον as its object and Δημητρίου as dependent genitive. τοῦδε ἕνεκα is a postposed causal phrase modifying ἐσήγαγε; ὄντας agrees with Δωριεῖς.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 30 ἐσήγαγε | cc | high | |
| 2 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 4 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 5 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V3SIAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperf|Voice=Act | 30 ἐσήγαγε | advcl | high | Impersonal existential/copular clause introducing δέος. |
| 6 | γὰρ | γάρ | PART | G-------- | _ | 5 ἦν | discourse | high | Explanatory postpositive particle. |
| 7 | δέος | δέος | NOUN | N-S--NN- | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 5 ἦν | nsubj | high | |
| 8 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | L-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Ἕλλησι | det | high | |
| 9 | πᾶσιν | πᾶς | ADJ | A-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Ἕλλησι | amod | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 10 | Ἕλλησι | Ἕλλην | NOUN | N-P---MD- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 δέος | iobj | high | Dative of those experiencing fear. |
| 11 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 δέος | nmod | high | Genitive object/source of fear. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 13 Ἀντιγόνου | cc | high | |
| 13 | Ἀντιγόνου | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 11 Μακεδόνων | conj | high | Coordinated genitive with Μακεδόνων. |
| 14 | Φίλιππον | Φίλιππος | PROPN | N-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐπιτροπεύοντος | obj | high | Object of ἐπιτροπεύοντος. |
| 15 | ἐπιτροπεύοντος | ἐπιτροπεύω | VERB | V-S-PAG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 13 Ἀντιγόνου | acl | medium | Genitive participle; syntactically attached within the genitive background phrase. |
| 16 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | L-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 17 Δημητρίου | det | high | |
| 17 | Δημητρίου | Δημήτριος | PROPN | N-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 ἐπιτροπεύοντος | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on the participial phrase; token τὸν is anomalous if read exactly as supplied. |
| 18 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 19 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | _ | 5 ἦν | punct | high | Editorial dash. |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἐσήγαγε | punct | high | |
| 22 | τοῦδε | ὅδε | PRON | R-S---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 23 ἕνεκα | nmod | high | Genitive demonstrative modifying ἕνεκα. |
| 23 | ἕνεκα | ἕνεκα | ADP | R-------- | _ | 30 ἐσήγαγε | advmod | high | Postposition meaning ‘because of this’. |
| 24 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | L-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 25 Σικυωνίους | det | high | |
| 25 | Σικυωνίους | Σικυώνιος | PROPN | A-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἐσήγαγε | obj | high | Ethnic name used substantivally. |
| 26 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 29 συνέδριον | case | high | |
| 27 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | L-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 29 συνέδριον | det | high | |
| 28 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-P---MG- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 29 συνέδριον | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on συνέδριον. |
| 29 | συνέδριον | συνέδριον | NOUN | N-S---NA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 30 ἐσήγαγε | obl | high | Goal complement of ἐσήγαγε with ἐς. |
| 30 | ἐσήγαγε | εἰσάγω | VERB | V3SIAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 31 | Δωριεῖς | Δωριεύς | PROPN | N-P---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 30 ἐσήγαγε | obj | high | Second object/predicate accusative associated with ἐσήγαγε. |
| 32 | ὄντας | εἰμί | AUX | V-P-PMA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 31 Δωριεῖς | acl | high | Participial supplement agreeing with Δωριεῖς. |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 30 ἐσήγαγε | punct | high |
αὐτίκα δὲ στρατηγὸς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ᾕρητο, καὶ σφᾶς ἐπὶ Λοκροὺς τοὺς Ἀμφισσέας ἀγαγὼν καὶ ἐς τὴν Αἰτωλῶν πολεμίων ὄντων τὴν γῆν ἐπόρθησε·
The passive ᾕρητο takes στρατηγός as subject and ὑπό + genitive agent; ἀγαγών is a nominative circumstantial participle coreferential with the subject, while πολεμίων ὄντων is a genitive absolute. The phrase ἐπὶ Λοκρούς τοὺς Ἀμφισσέας is construed as movement against the Locrians, namely the Amphissans.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτίκα | αὐτίκα | ADV | D-------- | Degree=Pos | 7 ᾕρητο | advmod | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 7 ᾕρητο | cc | high | |
| 3 | στρατηγὸς | στρατηγός | NOUN | N-----NS-N | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 7 ᾕρητο | nsubj:pass | high | |
| 4 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | R-------- | _ | 6 Ἀχαιῶν | case | high | |
| 5 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | S-------- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 Ἀχαιῶν | det | high | |
| 6 | Ἀχαιῶν | Ἀχαιός | PROPN | N-----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 7 ᾕρητο | obl:agent | high | |
| 7 | ᾕρητο | αἱρέω | VERB | V3SPI3S---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Plup|Voice=Pass | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Form is pluperfect passive, traditionally written ᾕρητο; some analyses may treat it as perfect-system passive with contextual force. |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ᾕρητο | punct | high | |
| 9 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 ἐπόρθησε | cc | high | |
| 10 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | P-----AP-- | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3 | 15 ἀγαγὼν | obj | medium | Reflexive/third-person plural pronoun; object of ἀγαγών. |
| 11 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R-------- | _ | 12 Λοκροὺς | case | high | |
| 12 | Λοκροὺς | Λοκρός | PROPN | N-----AP-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 ἀγαγὼν | obl | medium | Accusative with ἐπί expresses movement/hostile direction. |
| 13 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | S-----APM- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 14 Ἀμφισσέας | det | high | |
| 14 | Ἀμφισσέας | Ἀμφισσεύς | PROPN | N-----AP-M | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 12 Λοκροὺς | appos | high | Apposition identifying the Locrians as the Amphissans. |
| 15 | ἀγαγὼν | ἄγω | VERB | VPAANSM--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 24 ἐπόρθησε | advcl | high | Nominative circumstantial participle, subject understood as στρατηγός. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 24 ἐπόρθησε | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 23 γῆν | case | high | |
| 18 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | S-----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 γῆν | det | high | |
| 19 | Αἰτωλῶν | Αἰτωλός | PROPN | N-----GP- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 πολεμίων | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on πολεμίων. |
| 20 | πολεμίων | πολέμιος | ADJ | A-----GP- | Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 21 ὄντων | nsubj | high | Subject of the genitive-absolute participle ὄντων. |
| 21 | ὄντων | εἰμί | AUX | VPAGGP--- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 γῆν | advcl | high | Genitive absolute with πολεμίων. |
| 22 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | S-----ASF- | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 23 γῆν | det | high | |
| 23 | γῆν | γῆ | NOUN | N-----AS-F | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 24 ἐπόρθησε | obj | high | |
| 24 | ἐπόρθησε | πορθέω | VERB | V3SAAI3S---- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 7 ᾕρητο | conj | high | |
| 25 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 7 ᾕρητο | punct | high |
Κόρινθον δὲ ἔχοντος Ἀντιγόνου καὶ φρουρᾶς Μακεδόνων ἐνούσης τοὺς Μακεδόνας τῷ αἰφνιδίῳ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως κατέπληξε καὶ ἄλλους τε κρατήσας μάχῃ διέφθειρε καὶ Περσαῖον ἐπὶ τῇ φρουρᾷ τεταγμένον, ὃς παρὰ Ζήνωνα τὸν Μνασέου κατὰ μάθησιν σοφίας ἐφοίτησεν.
Genitive absolute at tokens 1–8 sets the circumstance; ἔχοντος agrees with Ἀντιγόνου, while ἐνούσης agrees with φρουρᾶς. The coordinated predicates share an implicit subject (the attacker, understood from context). Token 27 is accusative masculine singular modifying Περσαῖον; the relative clause supplies his identification.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Κόρινθον | Κόρινθος | PROPN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχοντος | obj | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 15 κατέπληξε | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἔχοντος | ἔχω | VERB | V-PAP-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 κατέπληξε | advcl | high | Genitive absolute predicate. |
| 4 | Ἀντιγόνου | Ἀντίγονος | PROPN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 3 ἔχοντος | nsubj | high | Subject of genitive absolute. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 8 ἐνούσης | cc | high | |
| 6 | φρουρᾶς | φρουρά | NOUN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 8 ἐνούσης | nsubj | high | Second genitive-absolute subject. |
| 7 | Μακεδόνων | Μακεδών | PROPN | N--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 φρουρᾶς | nmod | high | |
| 8 | ἐνούσης | ἔνειμι | VERB | V-PAP-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 3 ἔχοντος | conj | medium | Present participle meaning ‘being present/existing’; orthography and parsing can vary. |
| 9 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T--APM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 10 Μακεδόνας | det | high | |
| 10 | Μακεδόνας | Μακεδών | PROPN | N--APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 15 κατέπληξε | obj | high | |
| 11 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T--DSM | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 αἰφνιδίῳ | det | high | |
| 12 | αἰφνιδίῳ | αἰφνίδιος | ADJ | A--DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 15 κατέπληξε | obl | high | Substantivized adjective, ‘the suddenness’. |
| 13 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T--GSF | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 14 ἐπιθέσεως | det | high | |
| 14 | ἐπιθέσεως | ἐπίθεσις | NOUN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 12 αἰφνιδίῳ | nmod | high | |
| 15 | κατέπληξε | καταπλήσσω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 21 διέφθειρε | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἄλλους | ἄλλος | ADJ | A--APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 19 κρατήσας | obj | high | Substantivized adjective. |
| 18 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 19 κρατήσας | cc | high | Correlative with καί. |
| 19 | κρατήσας | κρατέω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 21 διέφθειρε | advcl | high | Participial predicate with understood main-clause subject. |
| 20 | μάχῃ | μάχη | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 19 κρατήσας | obl | high | Dative of manner/means. |
| 21 | διέφθειρε | διαφθείρω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 15 κατέπληξε | conj | high | |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C---- | _ | 21 διέφθειρε | cc | high | |
| 23 | Περσαῖον | Περσαῖος | PROPN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 21 διέφθειρε | obj | high | |
| 24 | ἐπὶ | ἐπί | ADP | R---- | _ | 26 φρουρᾷ | case | high | |
| 25 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T--DSF | Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 26 φρουρᾷ | det | high | |
| 26 | φρουρᾷ | φρουρά | NOUN | N--DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 τεταγμένον | obl | high | Object of ἐπί in the phrase ‘assigned to the garrison’. |
| 27 | τεταγμένον | τάσσω | VERB | V-RPP-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 23 Περσαῖον | amod | high | Perfect passive participle modifying Περσαῖον. |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 23 Περσαῖον | punct | high | |
| 29 | ὃς | ὅς | PRON | P--NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel | 37 ἐφοίτησεν | nsubj | high | Relative subject; antecedent Περσαῖον is accusative, but relative nominative is subject of ἐφοίτησεν. |
| 30 | παρὰ | παρά | ADP | R---- | _ | 31 Ζήνωνα | case | high | |
| 31 | Ζήνωνα | Ζήνων | PROPN | N--ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 37 ἐφοίτησεν | obl | high | Person with whom/under whom he studied. |
| 32 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | T--ASM | Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 33 Μνασέου | det | high | |
| 33 | Μνασέου | Μνασέας | PROPN | N--GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 31 Ζήνωνα | nmod | high | Patronymic genitive, ‘son of Mnaseas’. |
| 34 | κατὰ | κατά | ADP | R---- | _ | 35 μάθησιν | case | high | |
| 35 | μάθησιν | μάθησις | NOUN | N--ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 37 ἐφοίτησεν | obl | high | |
| 36 | σοφίας | σοφία | NOUN | N--GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 35 μάθησιν | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on μάθησιν. |
| 37 | ἐφοίτησεν | φοιτάω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 23 Περσαῖον | acl:relcl | high | Finite verb of the relative clause. |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 15 κατέπληξε | punct | high |