Grammar parses for passage 4.18.4
Open translation for this passage
κατέτρεχε δὲ καὶ ὕστερον τὴν χώραν, ἐς ὃ Λακεδαιμονίων λόχοις πλέον ἢ τοῖς ἡμίσεσι καὶ τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἀμφοτέροις συμβαλὼν ἄλλα τε ἔσχεν ἀμυνόμενος τραύματα καὶ πληγέντι ὑπὸ λίθου τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτῷ σκοτοδινιῶσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί.
The sentence is syntactically difficult: ἐς ὃ introduces a result/time boundary, and the participial phrase συμβαλὼν ... ἀμυνόμενος is coordinated with the finite ἔσχεν; πληγέντι is a dative participle agreeing with the implicit subject, while σκοτοδινιῶσιν is a vivid present 3pl result clause. The comparative phrase πλέον ἢ τοῖς ἡμίσεσι is construed with λόχοις and coordinated with τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | κατέτρεχε | κατατρέχω | VERB | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imperfect|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 1 κατέτρεχε | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 4 ὕστερον | cc | high | |
| 4 | ὕστερον | ὕστερον | ADV | ADV | _ | 1 κατέτρεχε | advmod | high | Adverbial comparative/adverbial temporal use. |
| 5 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 6 χώραν | det | high | |
| 6 | χώραν | χώρα | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 1 κατέτρεχε | obj | high | |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 κατέτρεχε | punct | high | |
| 8 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 9 ὃ | case | high | |
| 9 | ὃ | ὅς | PRON | R-NSN | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 1 κατέτρεχε | mark | medium | Relative form after ἐς; boundary/result interpretation is syntactically uncertain. |
| 10 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 λόχοις | nmod | high | |
| 11 | λόχοις | λόχος | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 συμβαλὼν | obl | medium | Dative associated with συμβαλών, probably opposing/engaging with. |
| 12 | πλέον | πλείων | ADJ | A-N-S | Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 συμβαλὼν | advmod | medium | Substantivized neuter comparative, modifying the extent of the engagement. |
| 13 | ἢ | ἤ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 12 πλέον | cc | high | Comparative conjunction. |
| 14 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 15 ἡμίσεσι | det | high | |
| 15 | ἡμίσεσι | ἥμισυς | ADJ | A-DPN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 12 πλέον | obl | medium | Substantivized adjective, ‘the halves’; comparative complement. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 βασιλεῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 17 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 βασιλεῦσιν | det | high | |
| 18 | βασιλεῦσιν | βασιλεύς | NOUN | N-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 20 συμβαλὼν | obl | high | |
| 19 | ἀμφοτέροις | ἀμφότερος | ADJ | A-DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 18 βασιλεῦσιν | amod | high | |
| 20 | συμβαλὼν | συμβάλλω | VERB | V-AAP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 23 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle with implicit subject. |
| 21 | ἄλλα | ἄλλος | PRON | A-NPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 ἔσχεν | obj | high | Substantivized neuter plural. |
| 22 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 ἄλλα | cc | high | |
| 23 | ἔσχεν | ἔχω | VERB | V-AAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorist|Voice=Act | 1 κατέτρεχε | conj | high | Finite verb coordinated with κατέτρεχε. |
| 24 | ἀμυνόμενος | ἀμύνω | VERB | V-PMP-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Present|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 23 ἔσχεν | advcl | high | |
| 25 | τραύματα | τραῦμα | NOUN | N-NPA | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | 23 ἔσχεν | obj | high | |
| 26 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 33 σκοτοδινιῶσιν | cc | high | Coordinates the injury/result clause with the preceding clause. |
| 27 | πληγέντι | πλήσσω | VERB | V-APP-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aorist|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 33 σκοτοδινιῶσιν | advcl | medium | Dative participle, probably agreeing with the affected implicit subject; exact construction uncertain. |
| 28 | ὑπὸ | ὑπό | ADP | PREP | _ | 29 λίθου | case | high | |
| 29 | λίθου | λίθος | NOUN | N-GSM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 27 πληγέντι | obl | high | |
| 30 | τὴν | ὁ | DET | T-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 31 κεφαλὴν | det | high | |
| 31 | κεφαλὴν | κεφαλή | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 27 πληγέντι | obj | medium | Object of πληγέντι in an idiomatic body-part construction. |
| 32 | αὐτῷ | αὐτός | PRON | P-DSM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 33 σκοτοδινιῶσιν | iobj | medium | Dative of reference/possessor with the following bodily symptom. |
| 33 | σκοτοδινιῶσιν | σκοτοδινιάω | VERB | V-PAS-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Present|Voice=Act | 23 ἔσχεν | conj | medium | Present resultative verb; subject is οἱ ὀφθαλμοί. |
| 34 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | T-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 35 ὀφθαλμοί | det | high | |
| 35 | ὀφθαλμοί | ὀφθαλμός | NOUN | N-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 33 σκοτοδινιῶσιν | nsubj | high | |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 κατέτρεχε | punct | high |
καὶ πεσόντα ἀθρόοι τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐπιδραμόντες ζῶντα αἱροῦσιν·
The sentence has an understood plural subject: after falling, the Lacedaemonians’ attackers rush upon them and capture the fallen man alive; ἀθρόοι is an adverbial/predicative collective modifier.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 αἱροῦσιν | cc | high | |
| 2 | πεσόντα | πίπτω | VERB | VAAP-SNA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 αἱροῦσιν | obj | medium | Accusative singular masculine participle, coordinated semantically with the following object ζῶντα; subject is understood. |
| 3 | ἀθρόοι | ἀθρόος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐπιδραμόντες | advmod | medium | Predicative/adverbial nominative plural modifying the understood subject of ἐπιδραμόντες, with collective sense ‘in a body’. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | RA-GPM | Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 Λακεδαιμονίων | det | high | |
| 5 | Λακεδαιμονίων | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 6 ἐπιδραμόντες | obl | medium | Genitive plural ethnic noun functioning as a participant-group complement with ἐπιδραμόντες. |
| 6 | ἐπιδραμόντες | ἐπιδραμέω | VERB | VAAP-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Plur|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 8 αἱροῦσιν | advcl | high | Aorist participle agreeing with the understood subject of αἱροῦσιν. |
| 7 | ζῶντα | ζάω | VERB | VPAP-SMA | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Mood=Part|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 8 αἱροῦσιν | obj | high | Accusative participle used predicatively with the object, ‘while alive/alive’. |
| 8 | αἱροῦσιν | αἱρέω | VERB | VPAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 9 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 8 αἱροῦσιν | punct | high |
ἥλωσαν δὲ καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἐς πεντήκοντα.
The subject of ἥλωσαν is understood from context; τῶν περὶ αὐτόν is a partitive genitive phrase, with περὶ governing the accusative αὐτόν, and ἐς πεντήκοντα gives an approximate number.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἥλωσαν | ἁλίσκομαι | VERB | V-3PAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active-form indicative, third plural; intransitive ‘were captured’. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | -------- | _ | 1 ἥλωσαν | cc | high | |
| 3 | καὶ | καί | ADV | D-------- | _ | 8 πεντήκοντα | advmod | high | Adds the quantified group. |
| 4 | τῶν | ὁ | DET | T-GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 περὶ | det | high | Article substantivizing the following περί phrase. |
| 5 | περὶ | περί | ADP | R | _ | 6 αὐτὸν | case | high | With accusative, ‘around/about’; the phrase is contained within the genitive construction headed by τῶν. |
| 6 | αὐτὸν | αὐτός | PRON | P-S---MA- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 | 1 ἥλωσαν | obl | high | Accusative object of περί; refers to the person around whom the men were gathered. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R | _ | 8 πεντήκοντα | case | high | Introduces an approximate numerical complement. |
| 8 | πεντήκοντα | πεντήκοντα | NUM | M-------- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 1 ἥλωσαν | obl | medium | indeclinable numeral, ‘about fifty’; syntactically a quantified oblique complement of ἥλωσαν. |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 1 ἥλωσαν | punct | high |
τούτους ἔγνωσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ῥῖψαι πάντας ἐς τὸν Κεάδαν·
Accusative τούτους is the object of ἔγνωσαν and the understood subject of the complementary infinitive ῥῖψαι; πάντας agrees with it. The infinitive clause means that the Lacedaemonians decided/recognized that these men should be thrown into the Caeadas.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τούτους | οὗτος | PRON | RD-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 2 ἔγνωσαν | obj | high | Accusative object of ἔγνωσαν and accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 2 | ἔγνωσαν | γιγνώσκω | VERB | V-IAI-3P | Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | medium | Aorist may have deliberative/decisive force here, governing the complementary infinitive. |
| 3 | οἱ | ὁ | DET | RA-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 4 Λακεδαιμόνιοι | det | high | |
| 4 | Λακεδαιμόνιοι | Λακεδαιμόνιος | PROPN | A-NPM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 2 ἔγνωσαν | nsubj | high | Ethnic proper name used substantivally. |
| 5 | ῥῖψαι | ῥίπτω | VERB | V-ANA | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 2 ἔγνωσαν | xcomp | high | Complementary aorist infinitive; its understood accusative subject is τούτους. |
| 6 | πάντας | πᾶς | ADJ | A-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Tot | 5 ῥῖψαι | obj | medium | Accusative adjective agreeing with τούτους; semantically reinforces the object of ῥῖψαι. |
| 7 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | P | _ | 9 Κεάδαν | case | high | |
| 8 | τὸν | ὁ | DET | RA-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 Κεάδαν | det | high | |
| 9 | Κεάδαν | Κεάδας | PROPN | N-ASM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 5 ῥῖψαι | obl | high | Place name, governed by ἐς. |
| 10 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 2 ἔγνωσαν | punct | high |