Grammar parses for passage 4.21.12
Open translation for this passage
καὶ τούτων μὲν τοῖς τελευταίοις Γόργον καὶ Μάντικλον ἐπέστησεν ἄρχοντας·
The subject is an understood third-person singular; ἐπέστησεν governs the coordinated accusative names Γόργον καὶ Μάντικλον as appointed officials, while τοῖς τελευταίοις is a substantivized dative plural referring to the last ones of τούτων.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 9 ἐπέστησεν | cc | high | |
| 2 | τούτων | οὗτος | PRON | D--GPM | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 5 τελευταίοις | nmod | high | Genitive dependent on the substantivized τοῖς τελευταίοις. |
| 3 | μὲν | μέν | PART | _ | _ | 9 ἐπέστησεν | discourse | high | Correlative particle; its partner is not present in this sentence. |
| 4 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | T-----DPM | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem | 5 τελευταίοις | det | high | Article substantivizing the adjective. |
| 5 | τελευταίοις | τελευταῖος | ADJ | A--DPM | Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπέστησεν | obl | high | Substantivized dative plural, probably ‘the last ones’; semantic role is contextual and uncertain. |
| 6 | Γόργον | Γόργος | PROPN | N--SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἐπέστησεν | obj | high | Personal name in the accusative. |
| 7 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | _ | _ | 8 Μάντικλον | cc | high | |
| 8 | Μάντικλον | Μάντικλος | PROPN | N--SAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Γόργον | conj | high | Personal name coordinated with Γόργον. |
| 9 | ἐπέστησεν | ἐφίστημι | VERB | V3SAAI | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | Aorist active, ‘appointed/placed over’; subject is understood from context. |
| 10 | ἄρχοντας | ἄρχων | NOUN | N--PAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 ἐπέστησεν | xcomp | high | Accusative predicative complement of the appointed persons. |
| 11 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐπέστησεν | punct | high |
αὐτὸς δὲ ἀναδραμὼν ἐς τοὺς προτεταγμένους τῆς τε κεφαλῆς τῷ νεύματι καὶ τοῦ δόρατος τῇ κινήσει δῆλος ἦν διέξοδόν τε αἰτούμενος καὶ ἀποχωρεῖν ἤδη βεβουλευμένος.
The sentence has a copular core δῆλος ἦν, with αὐτός as subject and two coordinated circumstantial participles (αἰτούμενος, βεβουλευμένος); the preceding ἀναδραμών is an additional temporal/sequential participle.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | αὐτὸς | αὐτός | PRON | A-PNS | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int | 18 ἦν | nsubj | high | Emphatic nominative subject. |
| 2 | δὲ | δέ | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 18 ἦν | cc | high | |
| 3 | ἀναδραμὼν | ἀνατρέχω | VERB | VAAP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 18 ἦν | advcl | high | Aorist participle, temporal/sequential. |
| 4 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | PREP | _ | 6 προτεταγμένους | case | high | |
| 5 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | T-APM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art | 6 προτεταγμένους | det | high | |
| 6 | προτεταγμένους | προτάσσω | VERB | VPPP-PAM | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass | 3 ἀναδραμὼν | obl | high | Substantivized perfect passive participle, those stationed in front. |
| 7 | τῆς | ὁ | DET | T-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 9 κεφαλῆς | det | high | |
| 8 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 κεφαλῆς | cc | high | First member of correlative coordination. |
| 9 | κεφαλῆς | κεφαλή | NOUN | N-GSF | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 11 νεύματι | nmod | high | Genitive with νεύματι. |
| 10 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | T-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 11 νεύματι | det | high | |
| 11 | νεύματι | νεῦμα | NOUN | N-DSN | Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 17 δῆλος | obl | high | Dative of means. |
| 12 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 16 κινήσει | cc | high | Coordinates the two instrumental datives. |
| 13 | τοῦ | ὁ | DET | T-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 14 δόρατος | det | high | |
| 14 | δόρατος | δόρυ | NOUN | N-GSN | Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 16 κινήσει | nmod | high | Genitive with κινήσει. |
| 15 | τῇ | ὁ | DET | T-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 16 κινήσει | det | high | |
| 16 | κινήσει | κίνησις | NOUN | N-DSF | Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 17 δῆλος | conj | high | Second dative of means, coordinated with νεύματι. |
| 17 | δῆλος | δῆλος | ADJ | A-NSM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 18 ἦν | xcomp | high | Predicate adjective with copular ἦν. |
| 18 | ἦν | εἰμί | AUX | V-IAI-3S | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 19 | διέξοδόν | διέξοδος | NOUN | N-ASF | Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 αἰτούμενος | obj | high | Object of αἰτούμενος. |
| 20 | τε | τε | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 21 αἰτούμενος | cc | high | Coordinates participial predicates. |
| 21 | αἰτούμενος | αἰτέω | VERB | VPMP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 17 δῆλος | advcl | high | Circumstantial participle explaining δῆλος ἦν. |
| 22 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 23 ἀποχωρεῖν | cc | high | Coordinates infinitival complement with preceding participial phrase. |
| 23 | ἀποχωρεῖν | ἀποχωρέω | VERB | V-PAN | Mood=Inf|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 25 βεβουλευμένος | xcomp | high | Infinitive dependent on βεβουλευμένος. |
| 24 | ἤδη | ἤδη | ADV | ADV | _ | 23 ἀποχωρεῖν | advmod | high | |
| 25 | βεβουλευμένος | βουλεύω | VERB | V RMP-SNM | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Perf|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid | 17 δῆλος | conj | high | Perfect middle participle, coordinated with αἰτούμενος; form is lexicalized with middle sense. |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | PUNCT | _ | 18 ἦν | punct | high |
τῷ τε οὖν Ἐμπεράμῳ καὶ Σπαρτιατῶν τοῖς παροῦσι διεῖναι τοὺς Μεσσηνίους ἤρεσκε μηδὲ λυσσῶντας ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον ἀπονοίας ἥκοντας ἐξαγριᾶναι πέρα·
Infinitival subject διεῖναι τοὺς Μεσσηνίους is governed by ἤρεσκε; ἐξαγριᾶναι is a coordinated infinitive with μηδὲ, while λυσσῶντας and ἥκοντας modify ἀνθρώπους. The dative phrase denotes those to whom the arrangement was pleasing; τοῖς παροῦσι is substantivized and likely refers to Spartans present.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | τῷ | ὁ | DET | Tdsm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 4 Ἐμπεράμῳ | det | high | |
| 2 | τε | τε | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 4 Ἐμπεράμῳ | cc | high | Correlative/enclitic coordination. |
| 3 | οὖν | οὖν | ADV | D-------- | _ | 12 ἤρεσκε | advmod | high | |
| 4 | Ἐμπεράμῳ | Ἐμπεράμος | PROPN | Npds---- | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 12 ἤρεσκε | iobj | high | Proper name in dative. |
| 5 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 6 Σπαρτιατῶν | cc | high | |
| 6 | Σπαρτιατῶν | Σπαρτιάτης | PROPN | Npgn---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 παροῦσι | nmod | medium | Genitive dependent on substantivized τοῖς παροῦσι: Spartans present. |
| 7 | τοῖς | ὁ | DET | Tdpm | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 8 παροῦσι | det | high | |
| 8 | παροῦσι | πάρειμι | VERB | Vppadm-p | Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 4 Ἐμπεράμῳ | conj | medium | Substantivized present participle. |
| 9 | διεῖναι | διαίρω | VERB | V--ana--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 12 ἤρεσκε | csubj | medium | Aorist active infinitive, subject of ἤρεσκε; lexical parsing of διεῖναι is somewhat uncertain. |
| 10 | τοὺς | ὁ | DET | Tpapam | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 11 Μεσσηνίους | det | high | |
| 11 | Μεσσηνίους | Μεσσήνιος | PROPN | Npam---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 9 διεῖναι | obj | high | Accusative subject/object of the infinitive construction. |
| 12 | ἤρεσκε | ἀρέσκω | VERB | V3siia--- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 13 | μηδὲ | μηδέ | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 22 ἐξαγριᾶναι | cc | high | Coordinates the second infinitive. |
| 14 | λυσσῶντας | λυσσάω | VERB | Vppapam-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἀνθρώπους | amod | high | Participial modifier of ἀνθρώπους. |
| 15 | ἀνθρώπους | ἄνθρωπος | NOUN | Npam---- | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | 22 ἐξαγριᾶναι | obj | medium | Accusative object/subject-like accusative associated with ἐξαγριᾶναι. |
| 16 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | C-------- | _ | 22 ἐξαγριᾶναι | cc | high | |
| 17 | ἐς | εἰς | ADP | R-------- | _ | 19 ἔσχατον | case | high | |
| 18 | τὸ | ὁ | DET | Tsan | Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 19 ἔσχατον | det | high | |
| 19 | ἔσχατον | ἔσχατος | ADJ | A-san--- | Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | 20 ἀπονοίας | amod | high | Substantivized adjective: the utmost/extreme point. |
| 20 | ἀπονοίας | ἀπόνοια | NOUN | Nsgf---- | Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | 21 ἥκοντας | obl | high | Genitive with ἥκοντας, reaching the utmost of madness. |
| 21 | ἥκοντας | ἥκω | VERB | Vppapam-p | Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | 15 ἀνθρώπους | conj | high | Coordinated participle modifying ἀνθρώπους. |
| 22 | ἐξαγριᾶναι | ἐξαγριόω | VERB | V--ana--- | Mood=Inf|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 12 ἤρεσκε | conj | medium | Coordinated infinitive under ἤρεσκε; semantic scope is ‘to drive wild/exasperate’. |
| 23 | πέρα | πέρα | ADV | D-------- | _ | 22 ἐξαγριᾶναι | advmod | medium | Adverbial intensifier, ‘beyond measure’. |
| 24 | · | · | PUNCT | _ | _ | 12 ἤρεσκε | punct | high |
καὶ ἅμα οὕτω σφᾶς ποιεῖν Ἕκας ὁ μάντις ἐκέλευεν.
The finite verb ἐκέλευεν governs an accusative-and-infinitive construction: σφᾶς is the accusative subject of ποιεῖν, with οὕτω modifying the infinitive; Ἕκας is the proper-name subject of the finite verb, and ὁ μάντις is appositional.
| # | Form | Lemma | UPOS | XPOS | Features | Head | DepRel | Conf. | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | καὶ | καί | CCONJ | CONJ | _ | 9 ἐκέλευεν | cc | high | |
| 2 | ἅμα | ἅμα | ADV | ADV | _ | 5 ποιεῖν | advmod | medium | Adverbial; may modify the infinitive phrase or the finite clause. |
| 3 | οὕτω | οὕτως | ADV | ADV | _ | 5 ποιεῖν | advmod | high | |
| 4 | σφᾶς | σφεῖς | PRON | PPr-A3P | Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs | 5 ποιεῖν | nsubj | high | Accusative subject of the infinitive. |
| 5 | ποιεῖν | ποιέω | VERB | V-PAI | Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act | 9 ἐκέλευεν | ccomp | high | Infinitive in an accusative-and-infinitive complement of ἐκέλευεν. |
| 6 | Ἕκας | Ἕκας | PROPN | NPM-S--- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 9 ἐκέλευεν | nsubj | high | |
| 7 | ὁ | ὁ | DET | RA--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art | 8 μάντις | det | high | |
| 8 | μάντις | μάντις | NOUN | N--NSM- | Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | 6 Ἕκας | appos | medium | Apposition to the proper name Ἕκας. |
| 9 | ἐκέλευεν | κελεύω | VERB | V-IAI-3S- | Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Impf|Voice=Act | 0 ROOT | root | high | |
| 10 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | _ | 9 ἐκέλευεν | punct | high |